From: Double diabetes—when type 1 diabetes meets type 2 diabetes: definition, pathogenesis and recognition
Authors | Year | Diagnostic criteria for double diabetes | References |
---|---|---|---|
Teupe et al. | 1991 | • Diagnosed T1D • At least one relative suffering from T2D | [3] |
Gilliam et al. | 2005 | • Atypical individuals or subjects with clinical features characteristic for both T1D and T2D at the presentation • Doubts about the proper diagnosis | [13] |
Pozzilli et al. | 2007 | • Clinical features of T2D, such as: o Excessive body weight o Dyslipidaemia o Hypertension o Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases • Reduced number of typical clinical features of T1D, such as: o Polyuria o Polydipsia o Loss of weight o Ketoacidosis • Always obesity • Presence of autoantibodies against pancreatic β-cells in a reduced number and titre • Presence of family history of T1D or T2D (but not necessarily always present) | [14] |
Cleland | 2012 | • Diagnosed T1D • Features characteristic for T2D, such as: o Relatively high doses of insulin needed to maintain appropriate glucose levels o Weight gain during insulin treatment o Presence of hypertension o Presence of IR (understood as low eGDR) o Low concentration of HDL-C o Family history of T2D, especially in at least 2 relatives | [15] |
Kietsiriroje et al. | 2019 | • Diagnosed T1D • Family history of T2D • Presence of overweight, metabolic syndrome • Clinical features of insulin resistance – especially eGDR < 8 | [16] |