Reduced thoracic skeletal muscle size is associated with adverse outcomes in diabetes patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: quantitative analysis of sarcopenia by using cardiac MRI

Table 4 Associations of thoracic SMI and its components with primary outcomes in the study cohort

Variables	Patients without primary outcomes (n = 48)	Patients with primary outcomes (n = 195)	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR^a (95% CI)
Thoracic SMI, cm²/m²	45.3 (37.3, 55.0)	40.1 (34.3, 47.9) ^b	0.96 (0.94, 0.99) [0.01]	0.96 (0.92, 0.99) [0.01]
Pectoralis major index, cm²/m²	11.0 (8.8, 14.3)	10.2 (8.1, 12.0) ^b	0.87 (0.80, 0.95) [< 0.01]	0.85 (0.75, 0.96) [< 0.01]
pectoralis minor index, cm²/m²	2.2 (1.6, 3.0)	2.2 (1.6, 2.7)	0.83 (0.61, 1.14) [0.25]	0.86 (0.60, 1.24) [0.42]
serratus anterior index, cm²/m²	4.0 (3.3, 4.8)	4.0 (3.2, 4.9)	1.09 (0.89, 1.33) [0.40]	1.10 (0.90, 1.33) [0.37]
Periscapular index, cm²/m²	20.7 (15.0, 27.3)	17.4 (13.7, 22.6) ^b	0.95 (0.91, 0.99) [0.03]	0.94 (0.90, 0.99) [0.02]
Paraspinal index, cm²/m²	4.4 ± 1.3	4.3 ± 1.2	0.89 (0.70, 1.13) [0.34]	0.85 (0.65, 1.12) [0.25]
Trapezius index, cm²/m²	2.4 (2.0, 2.9)	2.3 (1.9, 2.8)	0.81 (0.53, 1.23) [0.33]	0.83 (0.51, 1.34) [0.44]

Data are presented as media (Q1, Q3) or mean ± SD. Data in brackets are P-values
Abbreviations: SMI, skeletal muscle index; HR, hazards ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HF, heart failure; NT-proBNP, amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SGLT-2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVM, left ventricular mass
a. Based on a multivariable Cox model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, SBP, etiology of HF (ischemic or not), NYHA functional class, NT-proBNP, eGFR, use of SGLT-2i, LVEF and LVM index
b. Mann-Whitney test: P-value < 0.05

ISSN: 1475-2840