Table 1 Baseline clinical features of study participants by history of diabetic foot

N (%)

14,878 (94.3)

895 (5.7)

Ulcer/gangrene

–

532 (59.4)

Amputation

–

153 (17.1)

 Minor

–

129 (14.4)

 Major

–

24 (2.7)

Ulcer/gangrene/amputation

–

565 (63.1)

Lower limb revascularization

–

456 (50.9)

 Endovascular

–

192 (21.5)

 Surgical

–

245 (27.4)

 Both

–

19 (2.1)

Age, years

66.4 ± 10.4

70.1 ± 9.6

< 0.0001

Sex, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Females

6,522 (43.8)

292 (32.6)

 Males

8,356 (56.2)

603 (67.4)

Smoking, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Never

8,511 (57.2)

417 (46.6)

 Former

4,101 (27.6)

333 (37.2)

 Current

2,266 (15.2)

145 (16.2)

PA level, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Inactive or moderately inactive

9,314 (62.6)

712 (79.6)

 Moderately active

5,333 (35.8)

178 (19.9)

 Highly active

231 (1.6)

5 (0.6)

Diabetes duration, years

12.8 ± 10.0

19.2 ± 10.6

< 0.0001

HbA_1c, %

7.53 ± 1.50

7.92 ± 1.59

< 0.0001

BMI, kg·m^− 2

29.0 ± 5.2

28.8 ± 5.0

0.351

Waist circumference, cm

102.5 ± 11.1

102.9 ± 11.3

0.210

Triglycerides, mmol·l^− 1

1.33 (0.97–1.88)

1.39 (1.02–2.01)

0.031

Total cholesterol, mmol·l^− 1

4.80 ± 0.99

4.59 ± 1.01

< 0.0001

HDL cholesterol, mmol·l^− 1

1.30 ± 0.35

1.20 ± 0.36

< 0.0001

Non-HDL cholesterol, mmol·l^− 1

3.50 ± 0.95

3.36 ± 0.94

< 0.0001

LDL cholesterol, mmol·l^− 1

2.80 ± 0.84

2.63 ± 0.85

< 0.0001

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

12,214 (82.1)

746 (83.4)

0.340

Systolic BP, mmHg

138.0 ± 17.9

139.3 ± 19.7

0.039

Diastolic BP, mmHg

78.8 ± 9.4

77.4 ± 9.9

< 0.0001

Pulse pressure, mmHg

59.1 ± 15.6

61.9 ± 16.9

< 0.0001

Hypertension, n (%)

12,369 (83.1)

820 (91.6)

< 0.0001

Anti-hyperglycemic treatment, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Lifestyle

2,076 (14.0)

50 (5.6)

 Non-insulin

9,229 (62.0)

452 (50.5)

 Insulin

3,573 (24.0)

393 (43.9)

Lipid-lowering treatment, n (%)

6,746 (45.3)

540 (60.3)

< 0.0001

Anti-hypertensive treatment, n (%)

10,398 (69.9)

751 (83.9)

< 0.0001

Albuminuria, mg·day^− 1

13.1 (6.5–31.0)

25.6 (10.5–100.0)

< 0.0001

Serum creatinine, µmol·l^− 1

80.1 ± 33.3

97.4 ± 47.1

< 0.0001

eGFR, ml·min^− 1·1.73 m^− 2

80.9 ± 20.7

69.4 ± 22.7

< 0.0001

DKD phenotype, n (%)

< 0.0001

 No DKD

9,697 (65.2)

350 (39.1)

 Albuminuric DKD with preserved eGFR

2,767 (18.6)

228 (25.5)

 Non-albuminuric DKD

1,366 (9.2)

125 (14.0)

 Albuminuric DKD with reduced eGFR

1,048 (7.0)

192 (21.5)

DR, n (%)

< 0.0001

 No DR

11,797 (79.3)

479 (53.5)

 Non-advanced DR

1,758 (11.8)

199 (22.2)

 Advanced DR

1,323 (8.9)

217 (24.2)

CVD, n (%)

 Myocardial infarction

1,503 (10.1)

255 (28.5)

< 0.0001

 Coronary revascularization

1,246 (8.4)

338 (37.8)

< 0.0001

 Any coronary event

2,020 (13.6)

395 (44.1)

< 0.0001

 Stroke

463 (3.1)

52 (5.8)

< 0.0001

 Carotid revascularization

589 (4.0)

278 (31.1

< 0.0001

 Any cerebrovascular event

1,001 (6.7)

304 (34.0)

< 0.0001

 Any coronary or cerebrovascular event

2,715 (18.4)

460 (52.1)

< 0.0001

Comorbidities n (%)

 Any

2,614 (17.6)

189 (21.1)

0.007

 COPD

621 (4.2)

57 (6.4)

0.002

 Chronic liver disease

1,264 (8.5)

106 (11.8)

0.001

 Cancer

990 (6.7)

45 (5.0)

0.056