Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 2 Metabolic outcomes

From: The role of empagliflozin-induced metabolic changes for cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes. A randomized cross-over magnetic resonance imaging study with insulin as comparator

	PE	E	ΔE	PI	I	ΔI	ΔT
MR day 1
Glucose (mmol/L)	8.7 ± 0.5	7.6 ± 0.3	−1.1 ± 0.2**	8.7 ± 0.5	7.6 ± 0.3	−1.1 ± 0.4*	−0.0 ± 0.3
FAs (mmol/L)	0.55 ± 0.03	0.60 ± 0.03	0.05 ± 0.04	0.56 ± 0.04	0.50 ± 0.05	−0.06 ± 0.05	0.10 ± 0.04*
β-OH butyrate (mmol/L)	0.25 ± 0.02	0.29 ± 0.03	0.05 ± 0.02*	0.26 ± 0.02	0.24 ± 0.02	−0.02 ± 0.01††	0.05 ± 0.02 *
Insulin (pmol/L)	127 ± 17	103 ± 14	−24 ± 11	127 ± 17	141 ± 16	14 ± 10†	−38 ± 12**
Respiratory quotient	0.80 ± 0.01	0.75 ± 0.03	−0.04 ± 0.04	0.84 ± 0.02	0.84 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.02	−0.09 ± 0.03*
MR day 2—acipimox
Glucose (mmol/L)	8.7 ± 0.5	7.6 ± 0.3	−1.1 ± 0.4**	8.1 ± 0.3	7.6 ± 0.3	−0.6 ± 0.2*	−0.1 ± 0.2
FAs (mmol/L)	0.33 ± 0.04‡‡	0.41 ± 0.04‡‡	0.08 ± 0.05	0.34 ± 0.03‡‡	0.32 ± 0.04‡‡	−0.02 ± 0.04	0.10 ± 0.05
Ketone bodies (umol/L)	0.23 ± 0.01	0.25 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.01	0.23 ± 0.02‡	0.22 ± 0.02‡	−0.01 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.02*
Insulin (pmol/L)	139 ± 24	87 ± 9	−52 ± 19*	106 ± 13	149 ± 23	43 ± 14**††	−62 ± 17**

Data are presented as Mean ± SEM
PE Pre-Empagliflozin, E Empagliflozin, PI Pre-Insulin, I Insulin, ΔE E-PE, ΔI I-PI, ΔT E-I
^*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; †p < 0.05; ††p < 0.01 vs ΔE. ‡p < 0.05 vs MR Day 1. ‡‡p < 0.01 vs MR Day 1

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