Table 1 Patient characteristics in GEPSAD

No. participants

255

96

159

Clinical characteristics

Age, years

60.3 ± 10.1

62.5 ± 9.8

59.0 ± 9.9 **

Gender, % female (n)

51.0 (130)

50.0 (48)

51.6 (82)

Body mass index, kg/m²

34.2 ± 6.4

32.1 ± 6.4

35.5 ± 6.1 ***

 ≥ 30 kg/m², % (n)

71.8 (183)

55.2 (53)

81.8 (130) ***

Diabetes duration, years

13.4 ± 10.0

16.0 ± 10.3

11.8 ± 9.6 **

Tobacco (current or former), % (n)

54.5 (139)

50.0 (48)

57.2 (91)

Hypertension, % (n)

85.9 (219)

92.7 (89)

81.8 (130) *

Retinopathy, % (n)

30.2 (77)

38.5 (37)

25.2 (40) *

Diabetes medications

 Insulin, % (n)

60.8 (155)

69.8 (67)

55.4 (88) *

 Metformin, % (n)

56.5 (144)

40.6 (39)

66.0 (105) ***

 Sulfonylureas, % (n)

51.0 (130)

49.0 (47)

52.2 (83)

 GLP-1 receptor agonists, % (n)

5.5 (14)

3.1 (3)

6.9 (11)

 Glucosidase inhibitors, % (n)

2.7 (7)

2.1 (2)

3.1 (5)

Lipid-lowering agents

 Statins, % (n)

52.2 (133)

66.7 (64)

43.4 (69) ***

 Fibrates, % (n)

15.3 (39)

4.2 (4)

22.0 (35) ***

 Ezetimibe, % (n)

5.1 (13)

5.3 (5)

5.0 (8)

Routine blood markers

HbA1c, %

8.6 ± 1.8

8.5 ± 1.9

8.7 ± 1.7

HbA1c, mmol/mol

71 ± 15

69 ± 15

72 ± 16

Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L

8.9 [7.1–11.1]

8.3 [6.5–11.1]

9.1 [7.2–11.1]

eGFR, mL/min/1.73m²

99 [77–130]

84 [66–115]

111 [86–142] ***

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.78 ± 1.15

4.59 ± 1.21

4.90 ± 1.10

LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

2.80 ± 0.96

2.72 ± 1.02

2.85 ± 0.93

HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

1.10 ± 0.26

1.13 ± 0.30

1.08 ± 0.24

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.70 [1.21–2.67]

1.36 [1.05–2.02]

2.04 [1.42–2.88] ***

TyG index

9.48 ± 0.75

9.22 ± 0.70

9.64 ± 0.74 ***

AST, IU/L

20.0 [13.8–29.0]

19.5 [12.0–24.0]

22.0 [15.0–32.0] **

ALT, IU/L

32.0 [24.8–47.0]

26.0 [21.0–32.0]

38.0 [59.0–53.0] ***

GGT, IU/L

41.0 [26.0–72.0]

33.5 [22.3–55.5]

46.0 [32.0–78.0] **