Fig. 4

Mediation MR analysis of the causal effect of gut microbiota on atrial fibrillation via multiple risk factors. (A) Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis of risk factors on atrial fibrillation; (B) MR analysis of significant gut microbiota taxa on risk factors; (C) Estimates for the effect of gut microbiota on atrial fibrillation explained by risk factors. β1, the effect of the risk factor on atrial fibrillation. β2, the effect of gut microbial taxon on the risk factor. P values were calculated from the inverse variance weighted method. The prefixes g. and s. in the taxa column indicated genus and species, respectively