C-reactive protein during pregnancy and in the early postpartum predicts adverse metabolic health outcomes at 1 year postpartum in women with gestational diabetes

Quansah, Dan Yedu; Horsch, Antje; Gilbert, Leah; Donath, Marc Y.; Puder, Jardena J.

doi:10.1186/s12933-023-02034-9

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 2 Longitudinal associations between CRP during pregnancy and at 6–8 weeks postpartum with metabolic health outcomes at 1 year postpartum

From: C-reactive protein during pregnancy and in the early postpartum predicts adverse metabolic health outcomes at 1 year postpartum in women with gestational diabetes

Variable	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
Variable	β-coefficient	95% CI	p value	β-coefficient	95% CI	p value	β-coefficient	95% CI	p value
CRP at 28–32 weeks GA
Weight (kg)^bc	1.70	1.02, 2.38	< 0.001	1.70	1.02, 2.38	< 0.001	NA	NA	NA
Body fat (kg)^c	1.32	0.89, 1.75	< 0.001	0.35	0.12, 0.57	< 0.003	NA	NA	NA
Visceral adipose tissue (kg)	0.05	0.02, 0.07	< 0.001	0.02	0.002, 0.04	0.024	0.01	0.001, 0.07	0.019
MetS-WC, yes^a	1.22	1.12, 1.34	< 0.001	1.16	1.05, 1.28	0.002	1.12	1.06, 1.26	0.038
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	0.03	0.001, 0.05	0.036	0.01	− 0.01, 0.04	0.220	0.02	− 0.01, 0.05	0.251
2 h glucose (mmol/l)	0.03	− 0.04, 0.11	0.435	0.008	− 0.07, 0.10	0.744	0.08	− 0.08, 0.10	0.847
HbA1c (%)	0.01	− 0.01, 0.04	0.326	0.005	− 0.02, 0.03	0.700	0.04	− 0.03, 0.03	0.749
HOMA-IR	0.20	0.10, 0.31	< 0.001	0.19	0.09, 0.29	< 0.001	0.16	0.09, 0.30	< 0.001
MATSUDA index	− 0.28	− 0.42, − 0.15	< 0.001	− 0.14	− 0.26, − 0.01	0.032	− 0.28	− 0.40, − 0.16	< 0.001
ISSI-2	− 0.05	− 0.09, − 0.02	0.002	− 0.05	− 0.09, − 0.02	0.002	− 0.02	− 0.06, 0.01	0.305
AUC_ins/glu	0.02	0.009, 0.03	0.002	0.02	0.009, 0.04	0.002	0.04	− 0.01, 0.02	0.553
HOMA-B	2.63	1.23, 4.03	0.016	2.20	1.35, 4.25	0.026	0.25	− 1.2, 1.51	0.691
CRP at 6–8 weeks pp
Weight (kg)^bc	1.60	0.89, 2.31	< 0.001	1.60	0.89, 2.31	< 0.001	NA	NA	NA
Body fat (kg)^c	1.21	0.75, 1.67	< 0.001	0.21	0.004, 0.41	0.046	NA	NA	NA
Visceral adipose tissue (kg)	0.06	0.04, 0.09	< 0.001	0.02	0.002, 0.04	0.027	0.02	0.003, 0.03	0.019
MetS-WC, yes^a	1.15	1.05, 1.26	0.003	1.09	0.99, 1.21	0.073	1.09	0.98, 1.20	0.095
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	0.01	− 0.01, 0.04	0.379	0.003	− 0.03, 0.03	0.844	− 0.01	− 0.03, 0.03	0.927
2 h glucose (mmol/l)	0.02	− 0.06, 0.10	0.634	− 0.008	− 0.09, 0.08	0.855	− 0.04	− 0.09, 0.08	0.925
HbA1c (%)	0.04	− 0.02, 0.02	0.970	− 0.01	− 0.04, 0.02	0.393	− 0.01	− 0.04, 0.02	0.446
HOMA-IR	0.21	0.11, 0.31	< 0.001	0.11	0.02, 0.20	0.022	0.11	0.01, 0.21	0.024
MATSUDA index	− 0.27	− 0.41, − 0.11	0.001	− 0.29	− 0.45, − 0.14	< 0.001	− 0.14	− 0.19, − 0.09	0.001
ISSI-2	− 0.06	− 0.10, − 0.01	0.010	− 0.02	− 0.07, 0.02	0.318	− 0.03	− 0.07, 0.02	0.307
AUC_ins/glu	0.02	0.005, 0.03	0.007	0.009	− 0.004, 0.02	0.172	0.09	− 0.04, 0.02	0.176
HOMA-B	2.82	1.52, 4.12	0.001	1.44	0.29, 2.60	0.015	1.41	0.25, 2.58	0.017

CRP denotes C-reactive protein; GA denotes gestational age; MetS denotes metabolic syndrome; BMI denotes Body Mass Index; Mets-WC denotes metabolic syndrome based on waist circumference; pp denotes postpartum; NA denots not applicable; HbA1c denotes glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR denotes Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; ISSI-2 denotes; Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2; AUCins/glu denotes Area under the Curve; HOMA-B denotes HOMA of b-cell index. Model 1: adjusted for group allocation. Model 2: Adjusted for group allocation, gestational age, age, previous history of GDM, family history of GDM, breastfeeding, weight at the prediction time point. Model 3: adjusted for group allocation, gestational age, age, previous history of GDM, family history of GDM, breastfeeding and body fat at the prediction time point.
^aEstimates are from logistic regression analyses (Odds ratio and 95% CI)
For these variables, the associations were not adjusted for ^bweight or ^cbody fat (only adjusted for age).
Bold p-values indicates significant p-values

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