C-reactive protein during pregnancy and in the early postpartum predicts adverse metabolic health outcomes at 1 year postpartum in women with gestational diabetes

Table 1 Baseline maternal socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants

Variable	Mean ± SD
N	211
Age (year)	33.8 ± 4.4
GA at 28–32 week GA (weeks)	28.8 ± 2.4
BMI at 28–32 week GA (kg/m²)	29.6 ± 5.0
BMI at 28–32 week GA (kg/m²) (IQR)	29.1 (6.8)
GWG up to at 28–32 week GA (kg)	10.2 ± 5.8
Nationality/Ethnicity (n, %)
Switzerland	62 (32.4)
Rest of Europe and North America	83 (43.4)
Asia and Oceania	23 (12.0)
Africa	14 (7.3)
Latin America	7 (3.7)
Others	2 (1.0)
Education level^a (n, %)
Compulsory school incomplete^b	2 (1.1)
Compulsory school achieved	23 (13.0)
High school	19 (10.7)
General and vocational education	42 (23.7)
University	91 (51.4)
Glucose-lowering treatment in pregnancy (n, %)
Yes	90 (42.6)
No	121 (57.4)
Parity (n, %)
0	120 (56.9)
1	57 (27.0)
2	18 (8.5)
≥ 3	16 (7.6)
Gravida (n, %)
1	88 (41.7)
2	50 (23.7)
≥ 3	73 (34.6)
GDM in previous pregnancy^c (n, %)
Yes	25 (11.8)
No	186 (88,2)
Family history of diabetes^d (n, %)
Yes	136 (64.4)
No	75 (35.6)

GDM denotes gestational diabetes mellitus; GA denotes gestational age; SD denotes standard deviation; GA denotes gestational age; BMI denotes body mass index, GWG denotes gestational weight gain; IQR denotes Interquartile range
^a34 participants had missing data on education
^bIn Switzerland, compulsory schooling lasts eleven years
^cOnly for women who had at least one previous pregnancy
^dFamily history of diabetes consists of those with first degree (e.g., mother, father, brother, sister, daughter, son) and second degree (at least 25% of genetic link that included grandparents, grandchildren, nephews, niece, half-brother, and half-sister) relationship of the participant
All values are expressed as mean and standard deviations or n, %

ISSN: 1475-2840