Table 1 Characteristics of studied groups

Age (years)

13.32 ± 2.90

min. 6.7–max. 18

12.3 ± 2.64

min. 6.7–max. 16.3

11.15 ± 3.43

min. 6–max. 18

p = 0.079

Gender: female (%)

71 (56.80%)

51 (56%)

16 (45%)

p = 0.325

Diabetes duration (years)

7.09 ± 3.41

min. 1–max. 14.3

6.66 ± 2.93

min. 2.09–max. 14.2

–

–

BMI-SDS

0.14 ± 0.81

min. (− 1.6)–max. 2.3

0.04 ± 0.73

min. (− 1.6)–max. 1.7

0.14 ± 1.04

min. (− 1.39)–max. 2.5

p = 0.590

BF(%)

22.19 ± 5.63

min. 8.4–max. 39.6

21.82 ± 5.17

min. 8.4–max. 33.4

21.36 ± 7.03

min. 10.1–max. 34.6

p = 0.785

Skinfold: arm (mm)

14.44 ± 8.3

min. 2–max. 36

15.08 ± 6.46

min. 2–max. 30

11.30 ± 5.42

min. 4–max. 22

p = 0.017

Skinfold: abdomen (mm)

15.46 ± 6.65

min. 2–max. 38

13.4 ± 7.91

min. 2–max. 36

10.20 ± 7.36

min. 1—max. 29

p = 0.102

Skinfold: back (mm)

12.87 ± 6.84

min. 1–max. 38

11.91 ± 5.78

min. 4–max. 28

9.75 ± 6.90

min. 1–max. 30

p = 0.151

DID (U/kg)

0.8 ± 0.17

min. 0.39–max. 1.23

0.79 ± 0.17

min. 0.41–max. 1.19

–

–

HbA_1c 3 months Median (mmol/mol)

54

min. 31–max. 216,9

54

min. 40–max. 216,9

–

–

HbA_1c 3 months (%) Median

7,10

min. 5–max. 22

7,10

min. 5.8–max. 22

–

–

CSII

95 (76%)

70 (77%)

–

–

Retinopathy

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

–

–

Albuminuria

3 (2.40%)

1 (1.10%)

–

–

Neuropathy

2 (1.60%)

1 (1.10%)

–

–

Hypertension

10 (8%)

5 (5.50%)

–

–

Dyslipidemia

52 (41.60%)

40 (43.95%)

–

–

Autoimmune thyroiditis

32 (25.60%)

26 (28.60%)

0/0%

p < 0.001

Celiac disease

14 (11.20%)

11 (12,10%)

1/2.90%

p = 0.177

Asthma

11 (8.80%)

9 (9,90%)

1/2.90%

p = 0.281

Epilepsy

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1/2.90%

p = 0.321

Vitiligo

5 (4%)

5 (5,50%)

1/2.90%

p = 0.477