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Table 1 Baseline characteristics and crude endpoints of the study participants

From: Glycemic control, HbA1c variability, and major cardiovascular adverse outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients with elevated cardiovascular risk: insights from the ACCORD study

K-means Variability Group

Low

Medium

High

P-value

N

4489

3929

1634

 

Age

63.6 ± 6.6

62.3 ± 6.5

61.5 ± 6.6

< 0.01

Female

1697 (37.8%)

1499 (38.2%)

660 (40.4%)

0.17

Race or ethnic group (%)

   

< 0.01

 White

3002 (66.9%)

2417 (61.5%)

862 (52.8%)

 

 Black

668 (14.9%)

781 (19.9%)

455 (27.8%)

 

 Hispanic

250 (5.6%)

296 (7.5%)

173 (10.6%)

 

 Other

569 (12.7%)

435 (11.1%)

144 (8.8%)

 

CVD History (%)

1446 (32.2%)

1432 (36.4%)

638 (39%)

< 0.01

Education (%)

   

< 0.01

 Less than high school

576 (12.8%)

602 (15.3%)

286 (17.5%)

 

 High-school graduate

1180 (26.3%)

1038 (26.4%)

444 (27.2%)

 

 Some college

1466 (32.7%)

1302 (33.1%)

530 (32.5%)

 

 College degree or higher

1264 (28.2%)

986 (25.1%)

766 (23.3%)

 

Intensive Treatment (%)

2829 (63.0%)

1624 (41.3%)

574 (35.1%)

< 0.01

HbA1c measures

    

 Baseline HbA1C (%)

8.0 ± 0.9

8.5 ± 1.1

8.8 ± 1.2

< 0.01

 HVS

19.3 ± 8.9

45.4 ± 8.3

75.9 ± 13.0

< 0.01

 SD of HbA1C

0.5 ± 0.2

0.8 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.4

< 0.01

Blood pressure (mm Hg)

    

 Systolic

135.8 ± 16.3

136.5 ± 17.4

137.2 ± 18.1

0.04

 Diastolic

74.4 ± 10.2

74.9 ± 10.8

76.1 ± 11.3

< 0.01

Heart rate (BPM)

72.0 ± 11.5

72.8 ± 11.7

74.1 ± 12.2

< 0.01

Body-mass index

31.8 ± 5.2

32.5 ± 5.5

32.8 ± 5.6

< 0.01

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

    

 Total

181.0 ± 39.7

184.8 ± 43.1

186.2 ± 44.0

< 0.01

 Low-density lipoprotein

103.5 ± 32.6

105.6 ± 34.2

106.8 ± 36.2

< 0.01

 High-density lipoprotein

42.3 ± 11.6

41.5 ± 11.4

41.7 ± 12.1

< 0.01

Triglyceride (mg/dl)

182.1 ± 125.4

195.9 ± 157.1

199.8 ± 183.3

< 0.01

Fasting serum glucose (mg/dl)

167.4 ± 47.9

179.2 ± 58.3

187.7 ± 67.9

< 0.01

Estimated GFR, mL *min− 1*1.73 m− 2

90.5 ± 24.4

91.3 ± 30.3

92.2 ± 26.1

0.01

History physical exam (%)

    

 Protein in urine

788 (17.6%)

833 (21.2%)

373 (21.8%)

< 0.01

 Heart failure

173 (3.9%)

202 (5.1%)

99 (6.1%)

< 0.01

 Neuropathy

1093 (24.4%)

1099 (28.0%)

485 (29.7%)

< 0.01

 Depression

893 (19.9%)

995 (25.3%)

482 (29.5%)

< 0.01

 Eye disease

1367 (30.5%)

1266 (32.2%)

506 (31.0%)

0.10

 Smoked cigarettes in last 30 days

539 (12.0%)

564 (14.4%)

289 (17.7%)

< 0.01

Crude outcomes (%)

    

 Primary outcome

340 (7.6%)

442 (11.2%)

233 (14.3%)

< 0.01

 All-cause mortality

216 (4.8%)

254 (6.5%)

198 (12.4%)

< 0.01

 CVD-mortality

93 (2.1%)

118 (3.0%)

95 (5.8%)

< 0.01

 Non-fatal MI

213 (4.7%)

293 (7.5%)

118 (7.2%)

< 0.01

 Non-fatal Stroke

56 (1.2%)

68 (1.7%)

49 (3.0%)

< 0.01

 Total Stroke

63(1.4%)

77(2.0%)

52(3.2%)

< 0.01

  1. HVS, HbA1c variability score; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MI, myocardial infarction
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840