SGLT2 inhibition, circulating metabolites, and atrial fibrillation: a Mendelian randomization study

Table 1 MR estimates of the effect of SGLT2 inhibition on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atrial fibrillation (AF)

Outcome	Method	OR (95% CI)	P	Q statistic	P-heterogeneity	Egger intercept	P-intercept
T2DM	IVW	0.63 (0.45, 0.88)	0.006	7.010	0.536
	MR-Egger	4.11 (0.52, 32.76)	0.224	3.773	0.806	0.026	0.115
	Weighted median	0.67 (0.42, 1.04)	0.077
	Simple mode	0.58 (0.25, 1.34)	0.238
	Weighted mode	0.92 (0,45, 1.91)	0.836
	MR-PRESSO	0.63 (0.46, 0.86)	0.019	9.311	0.552
AF	IVW	0.51 (0.27, 0.97)	0.039	1.780	0.994
	MR-Egger	1.24 (0.02, 77.44)	0.921	1.596	0.991	0.012	0.680
	Weighted median	0.57 (0.26, 1.22)	0.148
	Simple mode	0.55 (0.17, 1.76)	0.342
	Weighted mode	0.59 (0.21, 1.70)	0.355
	MR-PRESSO	0.51 (0.38, 0.68)	0.001	2.121	0.996

Odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and P values were calculated for the respective method of MR analysis. The heterogeneity test in the IVW methods was performed using Cochran’s Q statistic and the global test for the MR-PRESSO method. P < 0.05 was considered significant
IVW, inverse–variance weighted; P-heterogeneity, P value for heterogeneity test; P-intercept, P value for the intercept of MR-Egger regression

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