Fig. 3
From: Influence of diabetes mellitus on the pathological profile of aortic stenosis: a sex-based approach
Sex differences in inflammatory markers in non-diabetic and diabetic AS patients. IL-6, CCL-2 and CD44 protein levels in tissue homogenates from AVs of AS patients according only to the presence of diabetes (A-C) or to the presence of diabetes and sex (D-F) measured by ELISA. Representative microphotographs of AV sections from non-diabetic and diabetic AS patients immunostained for CD68 (upper row) and CD45 (lower row) according to sex (G). IL-6 (H) and CCL-2 (I) baseline protein levels in VICs derived from AVs of male and female non-diabetic and diabetic AS patients measured by ELISA. IL, interleukin; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; CD, cluster differentiation. N = 95–206 AVs analyzed by ELISA. In vitro experiments were performed in VICs derived from 3–4 donors per sex and condition with 6 technical replicates. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.001