Fig. 2

Sex differences in oxidative stress markers in non-diabetic and diabetic AS patients. MPO, RAGE and eNOS protein levels in tissue homogenates from AVs of AS patients according only to the presence of diabetes (A-C) or to the presence of diabetes and sex (D-F) measured by ELISA. Fumarase, SOD-1 and catalase protein expression in tissue homogenates from AVs of AS patients according only to the presence of diabetes (G-I) or to the presence of diabetes and sex (J-L) measured by western blot. Representative microphotographs of AV sections from non-diabetic and diabetic AS patients immunostained for nitrotyrosine (upper row) and MDA (lower row) according to sex (M). MPO (N) and RAGE (O) baseline protein levels in VICs derived from AVs of male and female non-diabetic and diabetic AS patients measured by ELISA. MPO, myeloperoxidase; RAGE, receptor for advanved glycation end-products; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; SOD-1, superoxide dismutase 1; MDA, malondialdehyde. Protein expression measured by western blot was normalized to β-actin and stain free protein. Different sample sizes were assayed depending on the analytical methods used. N = 115–265 for ELISA, N = 56–87 AVs for western blot. In vitro experiments were performed in VICs derived from 3–4 donors per sex and condition with 6 technical replicates. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001