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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the HFpEF patients according to TyG tertiles

From: High triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is associated with poor prognosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Characteristic

Total

Tertile 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

P value

 

n = 823

n = 276

n = 273

n = 274

 
  

TyG ≤ 8.47

8.47 < TyG ≤ 8.98

TyG > 8.98

 

age, years

73.0 ± 12.7

75.2 ± 12.3

72.7 ± 12.5

71.1 ± 13.0

0.001*

Sex, female, n (%)

427 (51.9)

129 (46.7)

139 (50.9)

159 (58.0)

0.028*

NYHA class, n (%)

     

 I

81 (9.84)

24 (8.70)

26 (9.52)

31 (11.3)

0.387

 II

398 (48.4)

136 (49.3)

127 (46.5)

135 (49.3)

 

 III

237 (28.8)

77 (27.9)

91 (33.3)

69 (25.2)

 

 IV

107 (13.0)

39 (14.1)

29 (10.6)

39 (14.2)

 

BMI, kg/m2

25.5 ± 4.7

24.6 ± 4.6

25.4 ± 4.9

26.5 ± 4.5

< 0.001*

smoking, n (%)

188 (22.9)

58 (21.1)

60 (22.0)

70 (25.6)

0.406

Laboratory test

     

 FPG, mmol/L

6.20 [5.20, 7.90]

5.20 [4.60, 5.90]

6.10 [5.40, 7.20]

8.30 [6.60, 11.2]

< 0.001*

 HbA1c, %

6.30 [5.80, 7.10]

6.00 [5.70, 6.40]

6.30 [5.80, 6.90]

7.00 [6.20, 8.20]

< 0.001*

 NT-proBNP, pg/ml

1811 [840, 3704]

1888 [934, 3898]

1733 [828, 3637]

1794 [766, 3558]

0.493

 LDL-C, mmol/L

2.22 ± 0.83

1.97 ± 0.72

2.25 ± 0.81

2.43 ± 0.89

< 0.001*

 TC, mmol/L

3.75 ± 1.04

3.43 ± 0.85

3.72 ± 0.99

4.10 ± 1.16

< 0.001*

 HDL-C, mmol/L

0.97 ± 0.29

1.06 ± 0.31

0.97 ± 0.27

0.88 ± 0.26

< 0.001*

 TG, mmol/L

1.13 [0.84, 1.56]

0.77 [0.65, 0.92]

1.19 [1.01, 1.36]

1.81 [1.38, 2.29]

< 0.001*

 Cr, µmol/L

98.0 [79.0, 134.0]

93.5 [76.0, 125.0]

97.0 [77.0, 126.0]

105.0 [83.0, 150.0]

0.002*

 HGB, g/L

118 ± 23

116 ± 22

121 ± 24

118 ± 23

0.042*

 cTnT, ng/mL

0.03 [0.02, 0.06]

0.03 [0.01, 0.05]

0.03 [0.02, 0.05]

0.04 [0.02, 0.09]

0.008*

 TSH, mIU/L

1.87 [1.13, 3.16]

1.81 [1.12, 3.32]

1.82 [1.18, 3.13]

1.91 [1.04, 3.11]

0.673

 FT3, pg/mL

2.62 ± 0.81

2.66 ± 1.07

2.65 ± 0.64

2.54 ± 0.64

0.175

 FT4, ng/dL

1.25 [1.11, 1.43]

1.24 [1.11, 1.39]

1.30 [1.13, 1.47]

1.22 [1.07, 1.37]

0.004*

Vital signs

     

 Heart rate, beats/min

86 [76, 102]

84 [73, 98]

88 [76, 102]

89.5 [80, 110]

0.051

 SBP, mmHg

138 ± 22

134 ± 22

139 ± 20

141 ± 23

< 0.001*

 DBP, mmHg

73 ± 13

72 ± 13

74 ± 13

74 ± 13

0.057

Comorbidity

     

 Diabetes, n (%)

346 (42.0)

67 (24.3)

102 (37.4)

177 (64.6)

< 0.001*

 Hypertension, n (%)

640 (77.8)

204 (73.9)

217 (79.5)

219 (79.9)

0.167

 Coronary heart disease, n (%)

414 (50.3)

128 (46.4)

134 (49.1)

152 (55.5)

0.091

 Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

381 (46.3)

152 (55.1)

128 (46.9)

101 (36.9)

< 0.001*

 Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

266 (32.3)

67 (24.3)

91 (33.3)

108 (39.4)

0.001*

 Hyperthyroid, n (%)

49 (6.19)

18 (6.79)

15 (5.77)

16 (5.99)

0.877

 Renal dysfunction, n (%)

116 (14.1)

30 (10.9)

42 (15.4)

44 (16.1)

0.164

Medication use

     

 Insulin, n (%)

169 (20.5)

31 (11.2)

44 (16.1)

94 (34.3)

< 0.001*

 SGLT2i, n (%)

116 (14.1)

21 (7.61)

42 (15.4)

53 (19.3)

< 0.001*

 Metformin, n (%)

77 (9.36)

13 (4.71)

23 (8.42)

41 (15.0)

< 0.001*

 ACEI/ARB/ARNI, n (%)

358 (43.5)

98 (35.5)

133 (48.7)

127 (46.4)

0.004*

 Beta blocker, n (%)

435 (52.9)

141 (51.1)

148 (54.2)

146 (53.3)

0.753

 MRA, n (%)

119 (14.5)

47 (17.0)

37 (13.6)

35 (12.8)

0.319

 Loop diuretics, n (%)

485 (58.9)

170 (61.6)

161 (59.0)

154 (56.2)

0.438

Echocardiography

     

 LVEF, %

64.6 ± 7.7

64.9 ± 7.4

64.8 ± 8.0

64.0 ± 7.7

0.331

 Septal E/e’ ratio

10.0 [8.0, 14.0]

11.0 [8.0, 14.0]

10.0 [8.0, 15.0]

10.0 [8.0, 14.0]

0.104

 Septal e’, cm/s

8.85 ± 2.98

9.37 ± 3.30

8.91 ± 2.90

8.26 ± 2.61

< 0.001*

 LV mass index, g/m2

100.0 ± 36.7

98.6 ± 36.9

102.0 ± 37.8

101.0 ± 35.4

0.534

 LV wall thickness, mm

8.92 ± 1.60

8.90 ± 1.45

8.98 ± 1.67

8.89 ± 1.67

0.782

 LVEDD, mm

48.9 ± 6.5

48.9 ± 7.1

48.9 ± 6.2

48.9 ± 6.3

0.999

 TR velocity, m/s

2.78 ± 0.54

2.86 ± 0.55

2.82 ± 0.53

2.62 ± 0.52

< 0.001*

 RWT

0.37 ± 0.08

0.37 ± 0.08

0.37 ± 0.08

0.37 ± 0.08

0.913

 PASP, mmHg

38.0 ± 13.9

40.3 ± 15.1

38.6 ± 13.2

34.0 ± 12.0

< 0.001*

 LA diameter, mm

41.3 ± 7.16

43.8 ± 8.59

40.7 ± 6.46

39.4 ± 5.45

< 0.001*

 LA pressure, mmHg

15.0 ± 5.99

15.2 ± 5.52

15.0 ± 6.73

14.8 ± 5.66

0.855

 RV diameter, mm

21.2 ± 4.17

22.6 ± 5.25

20.9 ± 3.58

20.3 ± 3.11

< 0.001*

  1. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median [interquartile range] or n (%)
  2. * refers to p < 0.05
  3. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; ARNI: angiotensin receptor II blocker - neprilysin inhibitor; BMI: body mass index; CCB: calcium channel blockers; Cr: creatinine; cTnT: troponin T; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FT3: free triiodothyronine; FT4: free thyroxine; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HGB: hemoglobin; LA, left atrial; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LV, left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; MRA: aldosterone receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide;NYHA, New York Heart Association; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RV, right ventricular; RWT, relative wall thickness; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840