Chronic kidney outcomes associated with GLP-1 receptor agonists versus long-acting insulins among type 2 diabetes patients requiring intensive glycemic control: a nationwide cohort study

Table 1 Event rates and hazard ratios of renal outcomes associated with use of GLP-1RAs versus LAIs (primary analyses with intention-to-treat scenario)

	GLP-1RAs (n = 7279)		LAIs (n = 7279)		SDHR (95% CI) of GLP-1RAs versus LAIs
	Number of events	Event rate (events/100 pys)	Number of events	Event rate (events/100 pys)	SDHR (95% CI) of GLP-1RAs versus LAIs
Composite renal outcome^*	79	0.41	199	1.06	0.39 (0.30–0.51)
Renal insufficiency (i.e., eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m²)^†	68	0.36	157	0.84	0.43 (0.32–0.57)
Dialysis-dependent ESRD	35	0.18	119	0.63	0.29 (0.20–0.43)
Renal death	13	0.07	47	0.25	0.28 (0.15–0.51)

GLP-1RAs glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, LAIs long-acting insulins, SDHR subdistribution hazard ratio, pys person-years, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ESRD end-stage renal disease
^*Composite renal outcome includes renal insufficiency, dialysis-dependent ESRD, and renal death
^†Renal insufficiency referred to eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m² and was determined by the stable use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) (i.e., at least two prescriptions of darbepoetin alfa or methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta, or four prescriptions of erythropoietin within three months), given that the reimbursement policy of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance program restricts the use of ESAs only to patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease. This operational definition was also confirmed with clinical nephrologists

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