Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects with diabetes among the study cohort (1999–2004)
From: Association of cardio-renal biomarkers and mortality in the U.S.: a prospective cohort study
Total | 1999–2000 | 2001–2002 | 2003–2004 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants, No | 1783 | 543 | 613 | 627 |
Age, years | 62.49 ± 14.21 | 62.89 ± 13.02 | 61.58 ± 14.93 | 63.02 ± 14.43 |
Male (%) | 929 (52.10) | 278 (51.20) | 325 (53.02) | 326 (51.99) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 31.24 ± 6.81 | 31.12 ± 6.72 | 31.46 ± 6.99 | 31.14 ± 6.70 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
Mexican American | 499 (27.99) | 174 (32.04) | 152 (24.80) | 173 (27.59) |
Other | 158 (8.86) | 59 (10.87) | 53 (8.65) | 46 (7.34) |
Non-Hispanic white | 714 (40.04) | 175 (32.23) | 258 (42.09) | 281 (44.82) |
Non-Hispanic black | 412 (23.11) | 135 (24.86) | 150 (24.47) | 127 (20.26) |
Education levels | ||||
Less than high school | 867 (48.74) | 326 (60.26) | 275 (44.93) | 266 (42.49) |
High school or equivalent | 362 (20.35) | 101 (18.67) | 127 (20.75) | 134 (21.41) |
Greater than high school | 550 (30.92) | 114 (21.07) | 210 (34.31) | 226 (36.10) |
Physical activity | ||||
Never | 1066 (59.82) | 346 (63.72) | 362 (59.05) | 358 (57.19) |
Moderate | 356 (19.98) | 94 (17.31) | 112 (18.27) | 150 (23.96) |
Vigorous | 360 (20.20) | 103 (18.97) | 139 (22.68) | 118 (18.85) |
Serum cotinine | ||||
> 10 ng/mL | 378 (21.80) | 106 (20.50) | 127 (21.24) | 145 (23.42) |
LOD − 10 ng/mL | 1116 (64.36) | 411 (79.50) | 345 (57.69) | 360 (58.16) |
< LOD | 240 (13.84) | 0 (0.00) | 126 (21.07) | 114 (18.42) |
Drinking status | 989 (59.22) | 292 (57.37) | 332 (57.84) | 365 (62.18) |
PIR | ||||
≤ 1 | 387 (23.99) | 132 (28.57) | 118 (20.96) | 137 (23.30) |
1.01–4.99 | 1046 (64.85) | 297 (64.29) | 371 (65.90) | 378 (64.29) |
≥ 5 | 180 (11.16) | 33 (7.14) | 74 (13.14) | 73 (12.41) |
Duration of diabetes, y | ||||
< 3 | 738 (41.44) | 224 (41.40) | 270 (44.05) | 244 (38.92) |
3–10 | 503 (28.24) | 145 (26.80) | 171 (27.90) | 187 (29.82) |
> 10 | 540 (30.32) | 172 (31.79) | 172 (28.06) | 196 (31.26) |
Diabetes medication | ||||
No | 203 (11.53) | 58 (10.68) | 75 (12.23) | 70 (11.59) |
Oral medication only | 803 (45.63) | 246 (45.30) | 260 (42.41) | 297 (49.17) |
Any insulin use | 327 (18.58) | 102 (18.78) | 110 (17.94) | 115 (19.04) |
Others | 427 (24.26) | 137 (25.23) | 168 (27.41) | 122 (20.20) |
Hypertension | 1280 (71.83) | 387 (71.27) | 435 (70.96) | 458 (73.16) |
Hypercholesterolemia | 947 (53.29) | 269 (49.63) | 306 (50.33) | 372 (59.33) |
CVD | 488 (27.89) | 143 (26.68) | 149 (25.08) | 196 (31.61) |
eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 83.32 (63.08–97.41) | 83.47 (64.35–97.24) | 84.95 (64.36–99.86) | 82.60 (61.33–95.81) |
CRP, mg/L | 3.60 (1.60–7.60) | 3.80 (1.80–8.50) | 3.60 (1.60–7.40) | 3.30 (1.50–7.30) |
hs-cTnT, ng/L | 9.92 (6.12–16.62) | 9.12 (5.34–15.87) | 9.39 (6.03–16.32) | 11.05 (7.07–18.20) |
hs-cTnI, ng/L | 3.10 (1.80–6.10) | 3.10 (1.80–6.70) | 3.00 (1.70–5.90) | 3.20 (1.90–5.90) |
NT-proBNP, pg/ml | 82.48 (35.82–232.50) | 81.35 (38.35–214.50) | 76.06 (29.71–223.60) | 93.79 (37.73–259.00) |
Creatinine, umol/L | 79.56 (66.72–97.24) | 75.68 (66.72–93.59) | 79.56 (61.88–97.24) | 79.56 (70.72–97.24) |
Cystatin C, mg/L | 0.85 (0.72–1.05) | 0.85 (0.73–1.03) | 0.86 (0.72–1.06) | 0.84 (0.72–1.06) |
β-2 microglobulin, mg/L | 2.23 (1.86–2.91) | 2.17 (1.82–2.81) | 2.25 (1.85–2.91) | 2.28 (1.87–3.07) |
Plasma glucose, mg/dL | 144.30 (124.80-187.20) | 152.30 (129.30-200.50) | 137.90 (123.50-179.80) | 143.50 (121.20-186.90) |
HbA1c, % | 7.00 (6.20–8.20) | 7.40 (6.40–8.80) | 6.80 (6.10–8.10) | 6.90 (6.10–7.90) |
Glycated albumin, % | 17.54 (15.10-22.03) | 18.80 (15.58–23.05) | 17.31 (15.00-21.28) | 17.20 (14.95–21.24) |
Insulin, uU/mL | 16.63 (9.51–29.22) | 19.96 (12.14–30.31) | 17.57 (10.64–31.76) | 14.00 (7.37–25.16) |
C-peptide, nmol/L | 1.10 (0.78–1.47) | 1.17 (0.84–1.61) | 1.04 (0.73–1.38) | 1.11 (0.80–1.49) |