Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
Controls (n = 60) | T2DM (DPN−) (n = 123) | T2DM (DPN+) (n = 54) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Male, n (%) | 30 (50.0) | 69 (56.1) | 35 (64.8) |
Age (years) | 55.9 ± 9.9 | 56.5 ± 9.7 | 56.2 ± 9.5 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.81 ± 2.38 | 24.62 ± 3.48* | 24.49 ± 3.31* |
BSA (m2) | 1.72 ± 0.19 | 1.71 ± 0.16 | 1.73 ± 0.17 |
Rest HR (beats/min) | 71.6 ± 11.5 | 73.9 ± 11.2 | 75.1 ± 9.9 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118 (106, 123) | 127 (119, 140) * | 128 (120, 144)* |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.4 ± 8.9 | 80.4 ± 10.2* | 79 (73, 85)* |
Diabetic duration (years) | NA | 5 (2, 10) | 8 (3, 14.7)& |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | NA | 50 (40.7) | 33 (61.1)& |
Retinopathy, n (%) | NA | 6 (4.9) | 18 (33.3)& |
CKD, n (%) | NA | 17( 13.8) | 12 (22.2)& |
Laboratory data | |||
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.11 (4.79, 5.72) | 7.32 (6.10, 8.88)* | 7.60 (6.20, 11.4)* |
HbA1c (%) | NA | 6.6 (6.2, 7.7) | 7.25 (6.8, 9.25)& |
Plasma triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.20 (0.99, 1.79) | 1.27 (0.91, 1.97) | 1.24 (1.00, 2.00) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.55 ± 0.79 | 4.32 ± 0.92 | 4.25 (3.66, 5.27) |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.29 (1.09, 1.63) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.49) | 1.23 (0.92, 1.44) |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.48 (1.93, 3.03) | 2.56 (2.18, 3.14) | 2.43 (1.88, 3.48) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 91.44 ± 18.74 | 91.40 ± 18.32 | 93.29 ± 21.67 |
Medications, n (%) | |||
Statin | NA | 29 (23.6) | 21 (38.9)& |
Biguanides | NA | 72 (58.5) | 34 (63.0) |
Sulfonylureas | NA | 30 (24.4) | 15 (27.8) |
α-Glucosidase inhibitor | NA | 48 (39.0) | 26 (48.1) |
GLP-1/DDP-4 inhibitor | NA | 11 (8.9) | 7 (13.0) |
Insulin | NA | 27 (22.0) | 32 (59.3)& |
ACEI/ARB | NA | 33 (26.8) | 11 (20.4) |
β-Blocker | NA | 12 (9.8) | 5 (9.3) |
Calcium channel blocker | NA | 35 (28.5) | 15 (27.8) |