Table 1 Baseline characteristics and main findings of the included studies
From: Triglyceride-glucose index and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study | Year | Location | Population | Sample size | Mean age | Male (%) | LVEF (%) | TyG index | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abuduaini et al. [24] | 2023 | China | Patients with cardiomyopathy and T2DM | 1514 | 65.6 (11.1) | 73.9 | 41.9 (7.6) | 7.6 (0.8) | Increased TyG levels were associated with higher HF incidence in patients with cardiomyopathy and T2DM (HR 7.3, 95% CI 3.4 to 15.7, P < 0.001). |
Al-Ali et al. [25] | 2022 | Iraq | Non-diabetic patients presenting with acute STEMI | 61 | 54.6 (11.6) | 78.7 | 58.5 (9.8) | 4.8 (0.2) | No significant difference was found in HF incidence between tertiles of TyG (P = 0.09). However, LVEF was negatively correlated with the TyG index (r = -0.32, P = 0.01). |
Chen et al. [26] | 2023 | China | Hospitalized patients with T2DM and LVEF ≥ 50% | 150 | 53.4 (13.8) | 64.0 | 60.1 (4.7) | NR | Higher quartiles of TyG were associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (GLS < 18%). |
Cheng et al. [17] | 2023 | China | Non-diabetic patients with acute HF and without ACS | 886 | 68.9 (14.8) | 55.5 | 43.3 (10.4) | 9.5 (1.3) | Acute HF patients with higher-than-median TyG levels had significantly higher mortality compared to the lower-than-median TyG group (12.6% vs. 5.6%, P < 0.001). |
Chiu et al. [27] | 2021 | Taiwan | Individuals undergoing echocardiography | 823 | 61.3 (13.1) | 58.7 | 63.6 (13.1) | 8.9 (0.3) | The higher TyG index quartile was correlated with lower LVEF (P = 0.003), elevated LVM (P = 0.081), and increased LAD (P = 0.004). |
Gao et al. [28] | 2021 | China | Non-obstructive acute MI without previous revascularization | 1179 | 55.7 (11.7) | 73.5 | 60.5 (7.5) | 8.8 (0.3) | No difference was found in terms of hospitalization for HF in tertiles of TyG (P = 0.081). |
Guo et al. [13] | 2021 | China | Patients with chronic HF and T2DM | 546 | 65.2 (12.0) | 66.3 | 40.2 (14.9) | NR | Cardiovascular death and rehospitalization for HF were significantly higher in higher tertiles of TyG compared to tertile 1 (P < 0.05). |
Han et al. [29] | 2022 | China | Patients with HF | 4411 | 70.6 (12.6) | 48.4 | 49.1 (10.4) | 8.6 (0.7) | Higher TyG levels were associated with higher in-hospital mortality (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.6, P = 0.024). |
Huang et al. [30] | 2022 | China | CAD patients who underwent PCI | 922 | 64.1 (11.0) | 79.6 | 43.8 (13.7) | NR | Higher TyG levels were associated with higher worsening HF (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.08, P < 0.001). |
Huang et al. [14] | 2022 | USA | Population-based cohort aged 45 to 64 years | 12,374 | 54.1 (5.7) | 44.7 | 65.2 (6.7) | 8.7 (0.2) | Higher TyG levels were associated with a higher risk of incident HF (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.21, P < 0.001). |
Huang et al. [31] | 2022 | China | Patients with acute decompensated HF | 932 | 69.0 (14.1) | 62.1 | NR | NR | Comparable incidences of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and MACCE were found between tertiles of TyG (P > 0.05). |
Jung et al. [32] | 2022 | Korea | Cancer survivors | 155,167 | 59.9 (12.9) | 40.9 | NR | 8.5 (0.6) | A comparable association between HF incidence and TyG index was found (P > 0.05). |
Li et al. [33] | 2022 | China & Hong Kong | Population-based adult cohort | 115,341 | 51.4 (12.5) | 79.6 | NR | 8.6 (0.7) | The incidence of HF was significantly higher in higher levels of TyG (P < 0.001). |
Li et al. [9] | 2023 | USA | Population-based adult cohort | 12,388 | 47.5 (0.3) | 48.2 | NR | 8.6 (0) | Higher incidence of HF was found in patients with higher TyG levels (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.76, P = 0.04). |
Liao et al. [34] | 2022 | China | Hypertensive HF patients (LVEF ≥ 50%) | 559 | 52.8 (9.6) | 54.6 | 64.5 (8.1) | 7.9 (1.0) | TyG index was significantly higher in HFpEF patients compared to non-HFpEF ones (P < 0.001). A significant negative correlation between LVEF and TyG index was found (r = -0.468, P = 0.001). |
Mao et al. [35] | 2019 | China | Patients with NSTE-ACS | 438 | 61.1 (11.2) | 67.4 | NR | 8.8 (0.5) | Incidence of congestive HF was comparable between high-TyG and low-TyG groups (P > 0.05). |
Muhammad et al. [36] | 2023 | Sweden | Population-based cohort | 32,960 | 45.6 (7.4) | 67.5 | NR | NR | Higher TyG levels were associated with higher incidence of HF (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.56, P < 0.01). |
Sanlialp et al. [37] | 2021 | Turkey | Hospitalized patients with ACS | 170 | 66.1 (13.0) | 61.8 | NR | 9.1 (0.7) | In-hospital incidence of HF was comparable between high-TyG and low-TyG groups (P = 0.715). |
Sanlialp et al. [38] | 2021 | Turkey | HF and non-HF patients without ACS | 69 | 63.4 (9.4) | 46.4 | 43.2 (4.1) | 8.8 (0.6) | TyG index was significantly higher in patients with HF compared to non-HF controls (P < 0.001). |
Shi et al. [39] | 2022 | China | Patients with HF | 901 | NR | 44.5 | 50.8 (13.2) | 7.8 (0.7) | No significant differences between 1- month mortality and readmission rates were found between quartiles of TyG. |
Si et al. [40] | 2021 | UK | Population-based cohort aged 40 to 69 years | 273,368 | 55.8 (8.0) | 42.7 | NR | 8.6 (0.5) | Comparable rate of HF incidence between quartiles of TyG was found (P > 0.05). |
Sun et al. [41] | 2023 | China | Adult patients with T2DM | 183 | 49.2 (12.3) | 70.5 | 61.1 (1.2) | 9.3 (0.8) | TyG level were significantly higher in SLVD patients compared to non-SLVD ones (P < 0.001). However, LVEF were comparable between tertiles of TyG (P = 0.56). |
Sun et al. [18] | 2023 | China | Patients with ischemic HF undergoing elective PCI | 2055 | 60.3 (11.0) | 82.2 | 40.6 (6.2) | 9.0 (0.7) | Higher MACE incidence was found in higher quartiles of TyG (P < 0.001). |
Tai et al. [42] | 2022 | North America | Patients with T2DM | 10,196 | 62.8 (6.6) | 61.5 | NR | 9.5 (0.7) | Higher MACE incidence was found in quartile 2, 3, and 4 of TyG compared to quartile 1 (P < 0.01). Moreover, increase in TyG was associated with higher MACE (P < 0.001). |
Wang et al. [43] | 2022 | China | Patients admitted with ACS and underwent CCTA | 935 | 65.0 (13.7) | 69.0 | 54.4 (8.6) | NR | Patients with higher quartiles of TyG showed higher HF rehospitalization (P = 0.004). |
Wang et al. [44] | 2023 | China | T2DM patients without cardiac symptoms | 180 | 53.8 (9.2) | 56.7 | 64.2 (2.9) | 9.5 (NR) | LVEF was comparable between high-TyG and low-TyG groups (P = 0.09). TyG index showed an AUC of 0.706 [95% CI 0.612 to 0.801) in detecting T2DM patients with risk of HFpEF. |
Xu et al. [15] | 2022 | China | Population-based cohort | 138,620 | 48.5 (13.3) | 79.5 | NR | 8.6 (0.2) | Patients in quartiles 3 and 4 of TyG showed significantly higher HF incidence compared to quartile 1 (P < 0.05). |
Yang et al. [16] | 2021 | China | Hospitalized HF patients with CMR examination | 103 | 58.3 (8.9) | 68.9 | 48.8 (14.9) | 10.0 (0.8) | The composite outcome of all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization was significantly higher in higher tertiles of TyG (P < 0.001). |
Zeng et al. [45] | 2022 | USA | Population-based adult cohort | 4992 | 25.0 (4.4) | 45.5 | NR | 7.8 (0.5) | Higher quartiles of TyG were associated with higher congestive HF incidence (P < 0.001). |
Zhang et al. [46] | 2022 | China | Patients who underwent isolated CABG with T2DM | 386 | 66.0 (8.9) | 71.5 | 52.4 (6.7) | 9.2 (0.7) | Rehospitalization for HF was significantly higher in patients with high TyG compared to the low-TyG group (33.1% vs. 10.9%, P = 0.001). |