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Table 2 Characteristics of subgroups of individuals according to Cole’s classification and body fat criteria in subcohort 1

From: BMI-based obesity classification misses children and adolescents with raised cardiometabolic risk due to increased adiposity

 

Boys

Girls

 

Normal

(Cole and BF%)

Normal-OW Cole/Obesity BF%

NOOB

Obesity-Cole/Obesity BF%

OBOB

 

Normal

(Cole and BF%)

Normal-OW Cole/Obesity BF%

NOOB

Obesity-Cole/Obesity BF%

OBOB

 
 

(n = 35)

(n = 39)

(n = 54)

P

(n = 119)

(n = 52)

(n = 61)

P

Age (years)

14.7 ± 2.2

13.4 ± 2.5

13.5 ± 2.5

0.064

15.3 ± 1.7

15.0 ± 2.4

14.7 ± 2.4

0.169

Weight (kg)

54 ± 14

62 ± 14

81 ± 22*†

< 0.001

50 ± 7

68 ± 11*

83 ± 15*†

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

18.8 ± 2.9

24.6 ± 2.6*

29.5 ± 3.4*†

< 0.001

18.9 ± 2.3

26.3 ± 2.4*

31.9 ± 4.0*†

< 0.001

Body fat (%)

10.1 ± 5.0

35.0 ± 6.0*

35.1 ± 3.9*

< 0.001

21.0 ± 5.5

40.2 ± 3.3*

41.7 ± 3.5*

< 0.001

Waist (cm)

70 ± 7

85 ± 8*

96 ± 12*†

< 0.001

68 ± 6

86 ± 8*

96 ± 10*†

< 0.001

WHR

0.84 ± 0.05

0.91 ± 0.06*

0.92 ± 0.06*

< 0.001

0.77 ± 0.06

0.84 ± 0.06*

0.87 ± 0.08*†

< 0.001

WHtR

0.42 ± 0.04

0.54 ± 0.04*

0.59 ± 0.04*†

< 0.001

0.42 ± 0.04

0.54 ± 0.04*

0.60 ± 0.06*†

< 0.001

Visceral fat (cm2)

39 ± 15

138 ± 35*

163 ± 58*

< 0.001

36 ± 11

91 ± 18*

113 ± 34*†

< 0.001

Tanner stage

3.0 ± 1.6

2.1 ± 1.2

2.7 ± 1.5

0.275

4.0 ± 1.4

4.0 ± 1.4

3.9 ± 1.5

0.936

SBP (mm Hg)

102 ± 13

109 ± 11*

115 ± 10*†

< 0.001

98 ± 10

108 ± 11*

110 ± 10*

< 0.001

DBP (mm Hg)

60 ± 7

65 ± 6*

68 ± 6*

< 0.001

60 ± 8

66 ± 7*

67 ± 7*

< 0.001

Glucose (mg/dL)

87 ± 6

88 ± 8

89 ± 6

0.308

83 ± 6

87 ± 7*

88 ± 7*

0.001

Insulin (µU/mL)

5.8 ± 4.0

9.7 ± 6.2

18.0 ± 15.9*†

0.005

7.7 ± 4.4

13.0 ± 8.2

22.4 ± 19.4*†

< 0.001

HOMA

1.29 ± 0.92

2.13 ± 1.42

4.03 ± 3.62*†

0.005

1.66 ± 1.00

2.84 ± 1.90

4.87 ± 4.20*†

< 0.001

QUICKI

0.38 ± 0.04

0.36 ± 0.04

0.33 ± 0.04*†

< 0.001

0.37 ± 0.04

0.34 ± 0.04*

0.32 ± 0.04*†

< 0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

53 ± 15

71 ± 21

91 ± 39*†

< 0.001

63 ± 20

70 ± 28

91 ± 48*†

< 0.001

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

159 ± 25

176 ± 47

166 ± 27

0.275

163 ± 28

156 ± 21

154 ± 30

0.177

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

96 ± 19

107 ± 42

98 ± 22

0.433

88 ± 24

91 ± 19

87 ± 26

0.703

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

53 ± 10

56 ± 17

50 ± 13

0.272

63 ± 14

51 ± 9*

49 ± 12*

< 0.001

Uric acid (mg/dL)

4.9 ± 1.7

5.4 ± 1.4

6.1 ± 0.8

0.130

3.9 ± 0.8

4.6 ± 0.8*

4.8 ± 0.8*

0.002

ALT (IU/L)

19 ± 17

27 ± 21

20 ± 9

0.277

14 ± 8

13 ± 6

16 ± 13

0.245

AST/ALT ratio

0.97 ± 0.24

1.06 ± 0.46

1.03 ± 0.47

0.860

1.23 ± 0.29

1.17 ± 0.40

1.07 ± 0.69

0.236

γ-GT (IU/L)

9 ± 3

18 ± 9*

14 ± 4

0.003

11 ± 9

11 ± 4

13 ± 4

0.431

CRP (mg/L)

0.7 ± 0.7

2.1 ± 2.1*

5.9 ± 10.6*

0.003

0.7 ± 0.3

2.8 ± 1.9*

2.0 ± 1.2*

< 0.001

WBC (106 cells/mL)

5.4 ± 1.1

6.2 ± 1.5

5.8 ± 1.3

0.220

5.9 ± 1.8

7.2 ± 1.7*

7.2 ± 1.8*

< 0.001

Leptin (ng/mL)

4.5 ± 2.6

22.1 ±13.7*

21.1 ± 10.6*

< 0.001

10.5 ± 5.5

32.8 ±13.3*

43.8 ± 21.5 *

< 0.001

  1. Data is presented as mean ± SD. Differences between groups were computed by ANOVA followed by Scheffé’s tests. * P < 0.05 vs. Normal. †P < 0.05 vs. NOOB. CRP concentrations were log transformed for statistical analysis. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; γ-GT, γ-glutamyltransferase; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840