Table 1 The in vivo and in vitro studies of Hypoglycemic Drugs
From: The role of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction
Study Type | Hypoglycemic Drugs | Model | Dose | Result | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro | metformin | HUVECs | Metformin(0.5mM, 24 h) | p-AMPK↑ OGG1↑ ROS↓ | [111] |
|  | metformin | CMECs | Metformin (10µM, 100µM, 1000µM, respectively for 24 h) | Tom70↑ NO↑ ROS↓ GSH↑ | [112] |
|  | DPP-4 inhibitor | Primary HUVECs | Saxagliptin (0.5µM, 1µM, respectively for 12 h) ox-LDL(100 µg/ml for 24 h.) | LOX-1↓ ICAM-1,↓ VCAM-1↓ NOX-4↓ | [114] |
|  | DPP-4 inhibitor | HUVECs | teneligliptin (0.1µM, 1.0µM, 3µM respectively for 21days) | NOX-4↓ BAX↓ BCL2↑ ROS↓ | [116] |
|  | DPP-4 inhibitor | HUVECs | Sitagliptin(1µM, 48 h) | p-AMPK↑ ROS↓ | [115] |
|  | GLP-1 | HUVECs | Exenatide(10 µg/ml, 24 h) | S1PR2↓ IL-1β↓ TNF-α↓ ROS↓ | [119] |
|  | GLP-1 | IMECs | Liraglutide(3nM,10nM,30nM, 100nM respectively for 24 h) | PKA↑ eNOS↑ | [121] |
|  | GLP-1 | HRECs | Dulaglutide(25nM, 50nM respectively for 24 h) | SIRT1↑ eNOS↑ PAI-1↓ | [122] |
|  | GLP-1 | HUVECs | Dulaglutide(50nM, 100nM respectively for 48 h) | SIRT1↑ NLRP3↓ NOX4↓ | [123] |
|  | GLP-1 | HUVECs | Lixisenatide(10nM, 20nM respectively for 24 h) | ICAM-1↓ VCAM-1↓ eNOS↑ ROS↓ | [124] |
|  | SGLT2 Inhibitor | HBMECs | empagliflozin (1 µM, for 48 h) | mtROS↓ | [129] |
|  | Thiazolidinediones | HUVECs | Rosiglitazone(1 to 20 µM respectively for 48 h) | AMPK↑ NOX↓ ROS↓ | [134] |
In vivo | metformin | STZ-induced male ApoE−/−mice, | Metformin (300 mg/kg/day) by drinking water | p-AMPK↑ Drp1↓ mitochondrial fission↓ | [110] |
|  | SGLT2 Inhibitor | STZ-induced male C57BL/6J mice | Dapagliflozin(10 mg/kg/day) by i.g | ERK1/2↓ cPLA2↓ ROS↓ | [125] |
|  | SGLT2 Inhibitor | C57BL/6 male mice,db/db mice | Dapagliflozin (1 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks | SIRT1↑ eNOS↑ ROS↓ | [126] |
|  | SGLT2 Inhibitor | STZ-induced male ApoE−/−mice | Canagliflozin (30 mg/kg/day) by i.g | NOX2↓ ICAM-1↓ VCAM-1↓ | [127] |
|  | SGLT2 Inhibitor | STZ-induced male ApoE−/−mice | Empagliflozin (10 mg/kg/day) by i.g | p-AMPK↑ eNOS↑ mtROS↓ | [128] |
|  | GLP-1 | STZ-induced male SD rats | rhGLP-1 (1.5pmol/kg/min) by osmotic pumps | PKC-β↓ PKA↑ ROS↓ | [120] |
|  | GLP-1 | STZ-induced male SD rats | exenatide(5 µg/kg, twice a day) by i.h | NOX4↓ VCAM-1↓ | [118] |
|  | Thiazolidinediones | STZ-induced male SD rats | pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) for 4 weeks | SOD↑ CAT↑ GSH↑ ROS↓ | [132] |
|  | Thiazolidinediones | STZ-induced male C57BL/6J mice | Rosiglitazone(0.15 g/kg) | HSP22↑ ICAM-1↓ | [133] |