Fig. 4
From: The role of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction
Treatment of diabetic endothelial dysfunction targeting oxidative stress. Hypoglycemic drugs, antioxidant drugs, dietary interventions and lifestyle reduce oxidative stress to improve endothelial function through different pathways. Abbreviations:ROS, reactive oxygen species; Nox, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; OGG1, 8-Oxoguanine glycosylase; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase‑4; SGLT2, Sodium-glucose Transporter2; ERK1, Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase 1; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2; Keap, kelch-like ECH-associated protein; Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; LKB1, liver kinase B1; Pin1, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase 1; PPARδ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ; PGC-1α, PPARγ coactivator (PGC)-1α.