Table 3 Baseline clinical and metabolomic profiles of the patients according to ASCVD after a 10-year follow-up

Number of participants

228

32

Age, sex, and clinical data

 Age, years

57 (50–65)

63 (55–65)

0.056

 Women, %

50

34.4

0.098

 Obesity, %

55.5

65.6

0.279

 Type 2 diabetes, %

68.4

90.6

0.009

 Hypertension, %

48.2

78.1

0.002

 Plaque, %

33.2

56.3

0.011

Physical measurements

 BMI, kg/m²

30.52 (28–34.66)

31.4 (28.95–35.84)

0.278

 Waist circumference (cm)

103 (95–112)

108.5 (99–113)

0.169

 Systolic BP, mmHg

135 (125–146)

149 (136–163)

< 0.001

 Diastolic BP, mmHg

80 (73–85)

88 (79–93)

0.002

Biochemical data

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.65 (4.84–6.7)

5.54 (4.88–6.6)

0.841

 Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.86 (1.22–2.88)

2.63 (1.37–3.98)

0.067

 VLDL-C, mmol/L

0.89 (0.53–1.29)

1.1 (0.63–1.69)

0.156

 LDL-C, mmol/L

3.54 ± 1.12

3.24 ± 1.31

0.166

 HDL-C, mmol/L

1.11 (0.93–1.33)

1.11 (0.89–1.33)

0.665

 Non-HDL-C, mmol/L

4.45 (3.74–5.53)

4.5 (3.72–5.46)

0.726

 Apo B-100, mg/dL

118 (96–141)

113 (100–132.5)

0.812

 Apo A-I, mg/dL

120 (106–138)

122.5 (108.5–143)

0.595

Glycemia

 Glucose, mg/dL

128.5 (103–162)

142.5 (121.5–173.5)

0.033

 HbA1c, %

6.3 (5.5–7.5)

6.1 (5.6–7.1)

0.812

 Insulin, mU/L

11.54 (7.83–22.42)

17.95 (16.45–20.83)

0.266

 HOMA-IR

3.25 (1.9–6.81)

7.35 (5.1–8.54)

0.146

Inflammatory markers

 hsCRP, mg/L

2.17 (1.28–3.64)

2.55 (1.28–3.56)

0.753

 Glyc-A, µmol/L

889.6 (734.53–1084.18)

969.82 (768–1160.07)

0.156