Table 1 Comparison of the four metabolic groups according to data from the 1st visit
Healthy on both visits | Healthy on visit 1; unhealthy on visit 2 | p-value | Metabolically unhealthy on both visits | p-value (all three groups) | Total population | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 1311 (16.9) | 985 (12.7) | 5463 (70.4) | 7759 (100) | ||
Age, mean (SD) | 39.3 (9.7) | 42.0 (9.9) | < 0.001 | 48.0 (10.3) | < 0.001 | 45.7 (10.7) |
Gender (males) N (%) | 740 (56.4) | 644 (65.4) | < 0.001 | 3850 (70.5) | < 0.001 | 5234 (67.5) |
Current Smoking N (%) | 169 (14.2) | 119 (13.3) | 0.584 | 573 (11.8) | 0.048 | 861 (12.4) |
Previous smoker N (%) | 197 (15.0) | 170 (17.3) | 0.136 | 1230 (22.5) | < 0.001 | 1597 (20.6) |
Diastolic, mmHg | 71.4 (5.8) | 72.5 (5.6) | < 0.001 | 78.6 (8.2) | < 0.001 | 76.6 (8.2) |
Systolic, mmHg | 111.4 (8.9) | 113.1 (8.8) | < 0.001 | 125.5 (15.0) | < 0.001 | 121.6 (14.8) |
BMI, kg/\({m}^{2}\) | 23.5 [21.7–25.2] | 22.8 [24.4–26.2] | < 0.001 | 26.9 [24.6–29.7] | < 0.001 | 26.3 [23.6–28.5] |
Waist circumference, cm | 82.0 [75.0–89.0] | 85.0 [79.0–92.0] | < 0.001 | 94.0 [87.0–102.0] | 0.000 | 91.0 [82.0–99.0] |
Average of weekly hours of physical exercise | 2.0 [0.0–3.3] | 2.0 [0.0–3.7] | 0.659 | 1.7 [0.0–3.0] | 0.008 | 2.0 [0.0–3.0] |
FPG, mg/dL | 86.0 [81.0–90.0] | 88.0 [83.0–92.0] | < 0.001 | 92.0 [86.0–100.0] | < 0.001 | 90.0 [85.0–97.0] |
HbA1C (%) | 5.1 [4.9–5.3] | 5.2 [5.0–5.4] | < 0.001 | 5.4 [5.1–5.7] | < 0.001 | 5.3 [5.1–5.6] |
Triglycerides mg/dL | 74.0 [57.0–97.3] | 80.0 [61.0–107.0] | < 0.001 | 116.0 [80.0–163.0] | < 0.001 | 101.0 [72.0–143.0] |
HDL mg/dL | 61.6 (13.9) | 58.5 (13.5) | < 0.001 | 52.7 (13.2) | < 0.001 | 54.9 (13.8) |
Hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.9 [0.5–1.8] | 1.1 [0.6–2.1] | 0.014 | 1.6 [0.8–3.5] | < 0.001 | 1.4 [0.7–3.0] |
High Hs-CRP > 3.0 md/dL, N (%) | 186 (14.4) | 144 (15.7) | 0.404 | 1597 (29.5) | < 0.001 | 1927 (25.3) |
Creatinine mg/dL | 1.0 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 1.1 (0.2) | < 0.001 | 1.1 (0.2) |
High creatinine (males > 1.3 females > 1.1) N (%) | 73 (5.9) | 68 (7.6) | 0.110 | 513 (9.6) | < 0.001 | 654 (8.8) |
Neutrophils, % | 58.3 (7.8) | 58.4 (7.7) | 0.782 | 59.5 (7.6) | < 0.001 | 59.1 (7.6) |
Lymphocytes, % | 31.0 (6.8) | 30.8 (6.9) | 0.581 | 29.8 (6.8) | < 0.001 | 30.1 (6.8) |
Monocytes, % | 7.4 [6.3–8.7] | 7.5 [6.4–8.7] | 0.793 | 7.4 [6.3–8.6] | 0.644 | 7.4 [6.3–8.6] |
Eosinophils, % | 2.2 [1.4–3.3] | 2.2 [1.4–3.6] | 0.284 | 2.3 [1.5–3.5] | 0.384 | 2.3 [1.4–3.5] |
Basophils, % | 0.5 [0.4–0.6] | 0.5 [0.4–0.6] | 0.841 | 0.5 [0.4–0.6] | 0.147 | 0.5 [0.4–0.6] |
fibrinogen, g/L | 277.2 (56.5) | 284.4 (56.4) | 0.004 | 299.6 (60.4) | < 0.001 | 293.9 (60.0) |
Albumin, g/L | 45.1 (2.5) | 45.1 (2.4) | 0.962 | 45.1 (2.3) | 0.842 | 45.1 (2.4) |
BUN, mg/dL | 13.0 [11.0–16.0] | 14.0 [12.0–16.0] | < 0.001 | 14.0 [12.0–17.0] | < 0.001 | 14.0 [12.0–17.0] |
PLT, \({x10}^{3}\)/µL | 242.1 (54.7) | 246.1 (52.5) | 0.089 | 250.8 (60.2) | < 0.001 | 248.8 (58.5) |
RBC, \(x{10}^{6}\)/µL | 4.7 (0.5) | 4.7 (0.4) | 0.001 | 4.8 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 4.8 (0.4) |
WBC, \({x10}^{3}\)/µL | 6.3 (1.4) | 6.5 (1.4) | 0.001 | 6.8 (1.7) | < 0.001 | 6.7 (1.6) |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.1 (1.3) | 14.2 (1.3) | 0.010 | 14.4 (1.3) | < 0.001 | 14.3 (1.3) |
Bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.482 | 0.8 (0.3) | < 0.001 | 0.8 (0.4) |
AST U/L | 21.0 [18.0–25.0] | 22.0 [19.0–25.0] | 0.720 | 23.0 [20.0–26.0] | < 0.001 | 22.0 [19.0–26.0] |
ALT U/L | 21.6 (10.8) | 22.4 (10.2) | 0.067 | 27.1 (13.8) | < 0.001 | 25.6 (13.2) |
Uric acid mg/dL | 5.0 (1.2) | 5.2 (1.2) | < 0.001 | 5.7 (1.3) | < 0.001 | 5.5 (1.3) |
Globulin, g/L | 28.2 (3.2) | 28.4 (3.2) | 0.105 | 28.6 (3.3) | < 0.001 | 28.5 (3.3) |
ALP U/L | 52.0 [43.0–64.0] | 54.0 [46.0–66.0] | < 0.001 | 59.0 [49.0–71.0] | < 0.001 | 57.0 [47.0–69.0] |
LDH U/L | 297.0 (49.1) | 302.3 (49.9) | 0.014 | 314.5 (52.9) | < 0.001 | 310.1 (52.4) |
GGT U/L | 11.0 [7.0–16.0] | 13.0 [9.0–18.0] | 0.009 | 16.0 [11.0–24.0] | < 0.001 | 15.0 [10.0–22.0] |
Phosphorus, mg/dL | 3.4 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.4) | 0.088 | 3.3 (0.5) | < 0.001 | 3.3 (0.5) |
Protein total, g/L | 73.3 (4.0) | 73.5 (4.0) | 0.204 | 73.6 (3.9) | 0.021 | 73.6 (4.0) |
Total cholesterol mg/dL | 186.5 (32.5) | 190.9 (33.5) | 0.002 | 198.2 (36.6) | < 0.001 | 195.3 (35.9) |
LDL mg/dL | 109.4 (28.7) | 115.3 (29.6) | < 0.001 | 119.2 (30.9) | < 0.001 | 117.1 (30.6) |
High total cholesterol > 200 N (%) | 394 (31.5) | 334 (37.3) | 0.005 | 2457 (46.2) | < 0.001 | 3185 (42.7) |
High LDL > 130 N (%) | 288 (23.1) | 274 (30.6) | < 0.001 | 1850 (35.0) | < 0.001 | 2412 (32.5) |
Chloride, mmol/L | 104.0 (2.3) | 104.0 (2.3) | 0.981 | 103.8 (2.5) | 0.004 | 103.9 (2.4) |
Potassium, mmol/L | 4.3 (0.4) | 4.3 (0.4) | 0.045 | 4.4 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 4.4 (0.4) |
Calcium, mg/dL | 9.2 (0.4) | 9.3 (0.4) | 0.756 | 9.3 (0.4) | 0.569 | 9.3 (0.4) |
Sodium, mmol/L | 141.1 (2.5) | 141.2 (2.7) | 0.138 | 141.3 (2.6) | 0.030 | 141.3 (2.6) |
FVC | 103.0 [95.0–112.0] | 102.0 [94.0–111.0] | 0.592 | 100.0 [92.0–109.0] | < 0.001 | 101.0 [93.0–110.0] |
FEV | 100.9 (12.8) | 100.6 (12.6) | 0.564 | 98.5 (14.8) | < 0.001 | 99.2 (14.2) |
FEV/FVC | 102.0 [97.0–106.0] | 102.0 [97.0–106.0] | 0.578 | 102.0 [97.0–107.0] | 0.778 | 102.0 [97.0–107.0] |
Microalbumin urine | 3.7 [0.7–8.0] | 3.3 [0.9–8.0] | 0.452 | 4.5 [1.1–10.3] | < 0.001 | 4.1 [1.0–9.6] |
PHQ | 10.0 [9.0–12.0] | 10.0 [9.0–12.0] | 0.609 | 10.0 [9.0–12.0] | 0.106 | 10.0 [9.0–12.0] |