Table 1 Clinical patient characteristics
Parameter | Patients without CVD (n = 185) | Patients with CVD (n = 53) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic parameters | |||
Men, n% | 88 (47.57%) | 22 (41.51%) | 0.435 |
Age (years) | 48.32 ± 17.26 | 65.51 ± 8.51 | < 0.0001 |
Clinical parameters | |||
Diabetes-related | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.48 ± 6.17 | 30.86 ± 5.29 | 0.003 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 10.76 ± 8.48 | 13.79 ± 10.93 | 0.078 |
Type of diabetes (% of type 1) | 1.63 ± 0.48 | 1.91 ± 0.30 | < 0.001 |
Concomitant diseases | |||
Arterial hypertension | 92 (49.73%) | 48 (90.57%) | < 0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 78 (42.16%) | 32 (60.38%) | 0.019 |
Healed foot ulceration | 4 (2.16%) | 3 (5.66%) | 0.184 |
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy | 11 (5.95%) | 3 (5.66%) | 0.938 |
Diabetic retinopathy | 16 (8.65%) | 7 (13.21%) | 0.322 |
Laboratory parameters | |||
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 91.52 ± 22.48 | 74.50 ± 19.56 | < 0.0001 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.66 ± 2.19 | 8.61 ± 2.06 | 0.958 |
High density lipoprotein | 1.50 ± 0.49 | 1.40 ± 0.47 | 0.196 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.72 ± 1.17 | 4.84 ± 1.51 | 0.989 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.62 ± 1.08 | 1.78 ± 0.91 | 0.117 |
Pharmacotherapy | |||
ACEi | 49 (26.49%) | 31 (58.49%) | < 0.001 |
Alpha-lipoic acid | 1 (0.54%) | 2 (3.77%) | 0.063 |
Antidepressants | 10 (5.41%) | 6 (11.32%) | 0.129 |
Antiepileptic drugs | 7 (3.78%) | 5 (9.43%) | 0.097 |
ARB | 23 (12.43%) | 9 (16.98%) | 0.392 |
ASA | 22 (11.89%) | 34 (64.15%) | < 0.0001 |
Beta-blocker | 46 (24.86%) | 37 (69.81%) | < 0.0001 |
GLP-1 RA | 10 (5.41%) | 6 (11.32%) | 0.129 |
Insulin | 122 (65.95%) | 35 (66.04%) | 0.990 |
Metformin | 96 (51.89%) | 36 (67.92%) | 0.038 |
NOAC | 0 (0.00%) | 3 (5.66%) | 0.001 |
SGLT-2i | 31 (16.76%) | 12 (22.64%) | 0.326 |
Statin | 53 (28.65%) | 37 (69.81%) | < 0.0001 |
Type SGLT-2i | 0.37 ± 0.86 | 0.49 ± 0.97 | 0.334 |
VKA | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (3.77%) | 0.008 |
Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy | |||
Blood pressure analysis in the standing position | 0.54 ± 0.72 | 0.90 ± 0.85 | 0.005 |
Blood pressure analysis in the standing position after 1 min | 0.50 ± 0.72 | 0.55 ± 0.78 | 0.829 |
Blood pressure analysis in the standing position after 3 min | 0.45 ± 0.71 | 0.55 ± 0.76 | 0.334 |
Handgrip test | 0.54 ± 0.81 | 0.50 ± 0.79 | 0.812 |
Heart rate variation with deep breathing | 0.82 ± 0.93 | 1.32 ± 0.89 | 0.001 |
Test 30:15 | 0.36 ± 0.65 | 0.47 ± 0.67 | 0.166 |
Valsalva test after 1 minutre | 0.34 ± 0.54 | 0.51 ± 0.71 | 0.197 |
Valsalva test after 20 s | 0.36 ± 0.69 | 0.83 ± 0.96 | 0.002 |
Ewing’s battery test result | 1.79 ± 1.72 | 2.38 ± 1.50 | 0.017 |
Diagnostic parameters of peripheral neuropathy | |||
Achilles tendon reflex in the left foot | 0.03 ± 0.15 | 0.02 ± 0.14 | 0.615 |
Achilles tendon reflex in the right foot | 0.02 ± 0.12 | 0.02 ± 0.14 | 0.913 |
Left foot appearance | 66 (35.68%) | 31 (58.49%) | 0.003 |
Current left foot ulceration | 2 (1.08%) | 2 (3.77%) | 0.179 |
Right foot appearance | 69 (37.30%) | 31 (58.49%) | 0.006 |
Current right foot ulceration | 4 (2.16%) | 3 (5.66%) | 0.184 |
Vibration perception in the left foot | 0.05 ± 0.20 | 0.12 ± 0.29 | 0.028 |
Vibration perception in the right foot | 0.04 ± 0.17 | 0.10 ± 0.25 | 0.013 |
Peripheral neuropathy score | 14 (7.57%) | 11 (20.75%) | 0.006 |
Quality of life questionnaire | |||
SF36 Emotional well being | 60.37 ± 16.60 | 59.55 ± 16.37 | 0.629 |
SF36 Energy fatigue | 55.00 ± 17.81 | 52.74 ± 16.69 | 0.260 |
SF36 General health | 51.80 ± 17.25 | 46.04 ± 20.29 | 0.032 |
SF36 Health change | 41.94 ± 23.29 | 38.68 ± 22.77 | 0.235 |
SF36 Pain | 71.16 ± 29.17 | 58.87 ± 28.81 | 0.004 |
SF36 Physical functioning | 80.55 ± 23.74 | 59.43 ± 25.58 | < 0.0001 |
SF36 Role limitation due to emotional problems | 65.76 ± 39.45 | 62.26 ± 41.36 | 0.592 |
SF36 Role limitation due to physical health | 54.37 ± 41.70 | 42.45 ± 39.40 | 0.070 |
SF36 Social functioning | 75.34 ± 27.72 | 75.00 ± 29.32 | 0.941 |
MNSI score | 3.84 ± 2.86 | 5.19 ± 3.21 | 0.007 |
PDN diagnosis according to MNSI score | 37 (20.00%) | 19 (35.85%) | 0.016 |