Table 1 Baseline demographic, clinical characteristics and medication use of study participants, stratified by sex

Demographics

 Age, years

66 ± 6

67 ± 6

0.479

 High education, n (%)

16 (20.8)

19 (25.3)

0.940

 Current smokers, n (%)

5 (6.5)

7 (9.5)

0.827

Diabetes control

 Diabetes duration, years

14.7 (11.7–18.4)

14.6 (11.8–18.8)

0.845

 HbA1C, %

7.3 (6.8–8.2)

7.3 (6.6–8.4)

0.818

 Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L

9.3 ± 2.2

9.0 ± 2.1

0.377

Symptoms, n (%)

 NYHA classes

0.136

  class I

55 (78.6)

43 (63.2)

  class II

13 (18.6)

21 (30.9)

  class III/IV

2 (2.9)

4 (5.9)

 Orthopnea (> 1x / week)

2 (2.6)

4 (5.2)

0.694

 Edema

2 (2.6)

4 (5.2)

0.405

Biomarkers and comorbidities

 NTproBNP, pg/ml

46.0 (26.8-116.9)

80.1 (34.0-164.8)

0.022

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73m²

86.0 (75.7–98.8)

81.5 (69.1–95.0)

0.060

 Albumin-creatinine ratio, mg/mmol

0.6 (0.4–1.6)

0.7 (0.5–1.4)

0.608

 LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

1.9 (1.4–2.5)

2.2 (1.6–3.2)

0.010

 BMI, kg/m2

29.2 ± 4.3

30.6 ± 5.9

0.082

 Obesity, n (%)

27 (35.1)

42 (54.5)

0.015

 Hypertension, n (%)

40 (51.9)

37 (48.1)

0.629

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

141 ± 17

141 ± 16

0.818

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

80 ± 11

77 ± 9

0.075

 Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

2 (2.6)

2 (2.6)

1.000

 Prior CVD, n (%)

17 (22.1)

9 (11.7)

0.085

Medication use, n (%)

 Diabetes medication

 Metformin

55 (78.6)

57 (76.0)

0.712

 Sulfonylureas

31 (44.3)

29 (38.7)

0.492

 DPP-4

2 (2.6)

1 (1.3)

0.560

 SGLT-2 inhibitors

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

-

 GLP-1 agonists

1 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

0.299

 Insulin

25 (35.7)

33 (44.0)

0.309

Use of anti-hypertensive medication

 ACE-inhibitors/ARBs

31 (44.3)

34 (45.3)

0.899

 Beta-blockers

17 (24.3)

25 (33.3)

0.230

 Calcium channel blockers

12 (17.1)

17 (22.7)

0.406

Statins

48 (68.6)

48 (64.0)

0.561

Diuretics

15 (21.4)

20 (26.7)

0.461