Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients with first-time acute ischemic stroke

Age, Mean ± SD, y

61.5 ± 11.4

61.0 ± 10.9

61.8 ± 11.5

0.02

Male, n (%)

4271 (68.1)

1210 (69.7)

3061 (67.5)

0.10

Medical History

Abnormal glycemia

2259 (36.0)

1163 (67.0)

1096 (24.2)

< 0.01

 impaired glucose tolerance, n (%)

191 (3.0)

54 (3.1)

137 (3.0)

0.85

 impaired fasting glucose, n (%)

59 (0.9)

22 (1.3)

37 (0.8)

0.01

 type 1 diabetes mellitus, n (%)

14 (0.2)

10 (0.6)

4 (0.1)

< 0.01

 type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%)

2004 (32.0)

1082 (62.3)

922 (20.3)

< 0.01

Hypertension, n (%)

4527 (72.2)

1718 (99.0)

2809 (61.9)

< 0.01

Lipid metabolism disorder, n (%)

2334 (37.2)

831 (47.9)

1503 (33.1)

< 0.01

Transient ischemic attack, n (%)

131 (2.1)

41 (2.4)

90 (2.0)

0.35

Coronary heart disease, n (%)

813 (13.0)

281 (16.2)

532 (11.7)

< 0.01

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

364 (5.8)

81 (4.7)

283 (6.2)

0.02

Infection within 2 weeks before admission, n (%)

171 (2.7)

68 (3.9)

103 (2.3)

< 0.01

Carotid artery stenosis, n (%)

38 (0.6)

12 (0.7)

26 (0.6)

0.59

Cancer, n (%)

49 (0.8)

13 (0.7)

36 (0.8)

0.86

Sleep apnea, n (%)

48 (0.8)

32 (1.8)

16 (0.4)

< 0.01

Smoke, n (%)

2757 (44.0)

762 (43.9)

1995 (44.0)

0.94

Drink, n (%)

2827 (45.1)

835 (48.1)

1992 (43.9)

< 0.01

mRS

0.64

 0–2, n (%)

6058 (96.6)

1680 (96.8)

4378 (96.5)

 3–5, n (%)

213 (3.4)

56 (3.2)

157 (3.5)

Waist, Mean ± SD, cm

87.2 ± 11.6

96.5 ± 11.2

83.6 ± 9.6

< 0.01

BMI, Mean ± SD, kg/m2

24.7 ± 3.4

26.4 ± 3.5

24.1 ± 3.1

< 0.01

HbA1c, Mean ± SD, %

6.5 ± 1.7

7.9 ± 2.1

6.0 ± 1.3

< 0.01

eGDR, median(IQR), mg/kg/min

7.0 (5.8–8.6)

5.0 (4.2–5.6)

7.6 (6.8–9.6)

< 0.01

Total cholesterol, Mean ± SD, mmol/L

4.4 ± 1.2

4.5 ± 1.3

4.3 ± 1.2

< 0.01

 Nmiss (%)

183 (2.9)

49 (2.8)

134 (3.0)

Low density lipoprotein, Mean ± SD, mmol/L

2.6 ± 1.0

2.6 ± 1.1

2.6 ± 1.0

0.08

 Nmiss (%)

204 (3.3)

54 (3.1)

150 (3.3)

High density lipoprotein, Mean ± SD, mmol/L

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

< 0.01

 Nmiss (%)

203 (3.2)

54 (3.1)

149 (3.3)

Triglycerides, Mean ± SD, mmol/L

1.7 ± 1.2

2.0 ± 1.6

1.6 ± 1.0

< 0.01

 Nmiss (%)

196 (3.1)

53 (3.1)

143 (3.2)

Creatinine, Mean ± SD, μmoI/L

72.9 ± 27.2

72.4 ± 28.5

73.1 ± 26.6

0.34

 Nmiss (%)

1862 (29.7)

491 (28.3)

1371 (30.2)

Admission NIHSS score, Mean ± SD

4.2 ± 3.8

4.0 ± 3.4

4.2 ± 3.9

0.78

Admission SBP, median(IQR), mmHg

151.4 ± 22.0

156.8 ± 21.8

149.4 ± 21.8

< 0.01

Admission DBP, median(IQR), mmHg

87.8 ± 13.3

90.5 ± 13.8

86.7 ± 13.0

< 0.01

Endovascular therapy, n (%)

35 (0.6)

9 (0.5)

26 (0.6)

0.79

Thrombolysis, n (%)

754 (12.0)

151 (8.7)

603 (13.3)

< 0.01

Follow-up in 3 months

 antihypertensive therapy, n (%)

3340 (53.3)

1255 (72.3)

2085 (46.0)

< 0.01

 hypoglycemic therapy, n (%)

1660 (26.5)

929 (53.5)

731 (16.1)

< 0.01

  only insulin, n (%)

317 (5.1)

179 (10.3)

138 (3.0)

< 0.01

  only oral antidiabetic drugs, n (%)

1073 (17.1)

565 (32.5)

508 (11.2)

< 0.01

  insulin + oral antidiabetic drugs, n (%)

270 (4.3)

185 (10.7)

85 (1.9)

< 0.01

 lipid-lowering therapy, n (%)

5203 (83.0)

1463 (84.3)

3740 (82.5)

0.09

 antiplatelet therapy, n (%)

5564 (88.7)

1571 (90.5)

3993 (88.0)

< 0.01

 anticoagulant therapy, n (%)

187 (3.0)

32 (1.8)

155 (3.4)

< 0.01

Follow-up in one year

 antihypertensive therapy, n (%)

3358 (53.5)

1247 (71.8)

2111 (46.5)

< 0.01

 hypoglycemic therapy, n (%)

1651 (26.3)

915 (52.7)

736 (16.2)

< 0.01

  only insulin, n (%)

319 (5.1)

168 (9.7)

151 (3.3)

< 0.01

  only oral antidiabetic drugs, n (%)

1064 (17.0)

563 (32.4)

501 (11.0)

< 0.01

  insulin + oral antidiabetic drugs, n (%)

267 (4.3)

184 (10.6)

83 (1.8)

< 0.01

 lipid-lowering therapy, n (%)

4619 (73.7)

1299 (74.8)

3320 (73.2)

0.19

 antiplatelet therapy, n (%)

5178 (82.6)

1446 (83.3)

3732 (82.3)

0.35

 anticoagulant therapy, n (%)

166 (2.6)

30 (1.7)

136 (3.0)

< 0.01