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Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics of study participants according to Healthy Lifestyle (HL; low and high) categories

From: Plasma metabolite profiles associated with the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research lifestyle score and future risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

 

Discovery sample

Validation sample

 

Low HL (n = 943)

High HL (n = 890)

Low HL (n = 660)

High HL (n = 864)

HL score*

3.01 ± 0.52

4.46 ± 0.51

3.21 ± 0.76

4.13 ± 0.76

Age (years)

66.42 ± 6.12

68.02 ± 5.89

66.63 ± 5.97

67.48 ± 5.95

Sex (women)

45.39 (428)

70.45 (627)

45.85 (296)

66.78 (577)

BMI (kg/m2)

30.76 ± 3.52

29.01 ± 3.38

30.61 ± 3.40

29.18 ± 3.48

Waist circumference (cm)

103.20 ± 9.38

97.26 ± 9.87

103.08 ± 9.55

97.82 ± 10.01

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)

114.27 ± 34.91

111.94 ± 36.77

114.10 ± 36.82

111.78 ± 34.73

T2D % (n)

28.31 (267)

30.00 (267)

30.76 (203)

29.98 (259)

Prediabetes % (n)

24.60 (232)

20.56 (183)

21.82 (144)

22.92 (198)

Hypercholesterolemia % (n)

74.55 (703)

79.21 (705)

71.21 (470)

78.59 (679)

Hypertension % (n)

85.59 (808)

89.03 (795)

85.94 (886)

87.85 (477)

Family history of CVD % (n)

22.14 (209)

27.10 (242)

23.67 (149)

27.81 (233)

Smoking habit % (n)

    

Never smoked

41.99 (396)

78.20 (696)

39.79 (256)

74.88 (647)

Used to smoke

31.28 (295)

17.87 (159)

33.03 (218)

19.10 (165)

Currently smoke

26.72 (252)

3.93 (35)

28.18 (186)

6.02 (52)

MVPA (min/week)

12.97 ± 28.89

29.76 ± 42.11

18.47 ± 33.67

24.75 ± 39.79

Fiber (g/day)

23.54 ± 7.56

27.09 ± 9.12

24.41 ± 8.12

26.56 ± 9.22

Fast food & processed food (servings/day)

9.31 ± 5.66

8.04 ± 6.19

9.80 ± 6.43

8.16 ± 6.11

Red meat (g/week)

59.99 ± 39.25

41.08 ± 32.69

57.27 ± 37.28

46.84 ± 34.45

Processed meat (g/day)

29.10 ± 17.99

22.05 ± 15.52

28.82 ± 18.43

23.79 ± 16.77

Sugar-sweetened beverages (g/day)

28.56 ± 76.78

8.55 ± 35.78

24.06 ± 72.55

14.69 ± 50.68

Alcohol consumption (g/day)

    

in women

5.60 ± 7.85

2.47 ± 5.59

5.87 ± 8.39

2.91 ± 5.88

in men

19.90 ± 21.41

12.46 ± 15.87

20.75 ± 21.59

12.85 ± 14.84

  1. Descriptive data in both discovery and validation samples were expressed as a percentage (n) for categorical variables and mean ± SD for quantitative variables. Participants were classified in the low group when HL scores were < 4 points or in the high group when ≥ 4 points.
  2. BMI, Body Mass Index; MVPA, Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity; T2D, Type 2 Diabetes; CVD, Cardiovascular Disease. Prediabetes status was defined as having fasting plasma glucose between ≥ 100 mg/dl and ≤ 125 mg/dl in the absence of the use of drugs for diabetes control.
  3. *The Healthy Lifestyle score was calculated based on 8 factors: (1) a healthy weight, (2) physical activity, (3) plant foods, (4) fast food and processed foods, (5) red and processed meat, (6) sugar-sweetened beverages, (7) alcohol, and (8) smoking. Higher scores indicated better adherence to healthy lifestyle recommendations
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840