Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to TyG index tertiles
Variables | Total | Tertile of TyG index | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | |||
n = 6697 | n = 2232 | n = 2231 | n = 2234 | ||
TyG index | 8.69 ± 0.64 | < 8.40 | 8.40–8.93 | ≥ 8.93 | – |
Demographics | |||||
Age (years) | 64.0 (54.3–73.7) | 64.3 (54.3–73.4) | 64.0 (54.5–73.8) | 64.0 (54.0–73.7) | 0.967 |
Male (%) | 4579 (68.37%) | 1520 (68.10%) | 1539 (68.98%) | 1520 (68.04%) | 0.750 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 (22.8–27.8) | 24.0 (21.6–26.6) | 25.4 (23.0–27.8) | 26.0 (23.7–28.6) | < 0.001 |
Medical measurements | |||||
SBP (mmHg) | 129.0 (115.0–144.0) | 127.0 (113.0–141.0) | 128.0 (115.0–143.0) | 131.0 (117.0–146.0) | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.0 (66.0–84.0) | 73.0 (65.0–82.0) | 75.0 (67.0–84.0) | 76.0 (67.0–85.0) | < 0.001 |
HR (bpm) | 79.0 (70.0–91.0) | 78.0 (69.0–90.0) | 78.0 (70.0–91.0) | 80.0 (70.0–91.0) | 0.183 |
Smoking (%) | 0.017 | ||||
Current smoker | 1623 (24.23%) | 494 (22.13%) | 553 (24.79%) | 576 (25.78%) | |
Former smoker | 1336 (19.95%) | 456 (20.43%) | 419 (18.78%) | 461 (20.64%) | |
Never smoker | 3738 (55.82%) | 1282 (57.44%) | 1259 (56.43%) | 1197 (53.58%) | |
Drinking (%) | 0.296 | ||||
Current drinker | 1549 (23.13%) | 515 (23.07%) | 506 (22.68%) | 528 (23.63%) | |
Former drinker | 664 (9.91%) | 218 (9.77%) | 204 (9.14%) | 242 (10.83%) | |
Never drinker | 4484 (66.96%) | 1499 (67.16%) | 1521 (68.18%) | 1464 (65.53%) | |
LVEF (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
≤ 40% | 2221 (33.16%) | 831 (37.23%) | 757 (33.93%) | 633 (28.33%) | |
41–49% | 1433 (21.40%) | 456 (20.43%) | 493 (22.10%) | 484 (21.67%) | |
≥ 50% | 3043 (45.44%) | 945 (42.34%) | 981 (43.97%) | 1117 (50.00%) | |
NYHA classification (%) | 0.547 | ||||
I-II | 2892 (43.18%) | 938 (42.03%) | 980 (43.93%) | 974 (43.60%) | |
III | 2939 (43.89%) | 990 (44.35%) | 963 (43.16%) | 986 (44.14%) | |
IV | 866 (12.93%) | 304 (13.62%) | 288 (12.91%) | 274 (12.26%) | |
Medical history (%) | |||||
Hypertension | 4142 (61.85%) | 1166 (52.24%) | 1407 (63.07%) | 1569 (70.23%) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 2987 (44.60%) | 492 (22.04%) | 937 (42.00%) | 1558 (69.74%) | < 0.001 |
AF | 2134 (31.87%) | 806 (36.11%) | 721 (32.32%) | 607 (27.17%) | < 0.001 |
CKD (Stages III-IV) | 1762 (26.31%) | 516 (23.12%) | 555 (24.88%) | 691 (30.93%) | < 0.001 |
Previous MI | 2260 (33.75%) | 639 (28.63%) | 780 (34.96%) | 841 (37.65%) | < 0.001 |
Angina | 1975 (29.49%) | 555 (24.87%) | 678 (30.39%) | 742 (33.21%) | < 0.001 |
Stroke | 1275 (19.04%) | 396 (17.74%) | 427 (19.14%) | 452 (20.23%) | 0.105 |
PAD | 993 (14.83%) | 333 (14.92%) | 309 (13.85%) | 351 (15.71%) | 0.214 |
COPD | 266 (3.97%) | 83 (3.72%) | 94 (4.21%) | 89 (3.98%) | 0.699 |
MetS | 3267 (48.78%) | 400 (17.92%) | 986 (44.20%) | 1881 (84.20%) | < 0.001 |
Previous heart surgery (%) | |||||
PCI | 1296 (19.35%) | 375 (16.80%) | 461 (20.66%) | 460 (20.59%) | < 0.001 |
CABG | 269 (4.02%) | 91 (4.08%) | 91 (4.08%) | 87 (3.89%) | 0.937 |
Cardiac valve surgery | 206 (3.08%) | 85 (3.81%) | 77 (3.45%) | 44 (1.97%) | < 0.001 |
Pacemaker therapy | 268 (4.00%) | 88 (3.94%) | 84 (3.77%) | 96 (4.30%) | 0.653 |
Laboratory measurements | |||||
WBC (109/L) | 6.58 (5.36–8.03) | 5.98 (4.89–7.23) | 6.64 (5.41–8.00) | 7.13 (5.95–8.66) | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 135.0 (121.0–148.0) | 134.0 (119.0–146.0) | 136.0 (122.0–148.0) | 136.0 (120.0–150.0) | < 0.001 |
Platelets (109/L) | 192.0 (154.0–234.0) | 182.0 (145.0–223.0) | 191.0 (156.0–235.5) | 202.0 (164.0–244.0) | < 0.001 |
ALT (U/L) | 19.4 (13.7–30.0) | 19.6 (14.3–29.7) | 19.3 (13.4–30.3) | 19.5 (13.2–29.7) | 0.149 |
AST (U/L) | 19.5 (15.4–26.6) | 19.9 (15.9–27.5) | 19.6 (15.4–26.7) | 18.9 (14.9–25.3) | < 0.001 |
TBil (umol/L) | 12.8 (9.0–18.4) | 14.1 (9.9–20.4) | 12.8 (9.2–17.9) | 11.5 (8.1–16.5) | < 0.001 |
Albumin (g/L) | 40.0 (37.2–42.6) | 39.4 (36.7–42.0) | 40.2 (37.4–42.8) | 40.3 (37.5–43.0) | < 0.001 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 6.60 (5.19–8.58) | 6.52 (5.13–8.36) | 6.50 (5.12–8.40) | 6.79 (5.36–9.02) | < 0.001 |
Creatinine (umol/L) | 84.7 (71.3–104.5) | 83.3 (70.4–100.6) | 83.9 (71.1–103.8) | 87.5 (72.7–111.4) | < 0.001 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 77.9 (58.8–92.2) | 79.8 (61.8–92.9) | 77.9 (60.1–92.4) | 74.9 (53.8–91.3) | < 0.001 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.44 (4.75–7.00) | 4.77 (4.37–5.27) | 5.47 (4.84–6.56) | 7.21 (5.73–10.07) | < 0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.20 (0.87–1.71) | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) | 1.29 (1.07–1.51) | 1.87 (1.46–2.48) | < 0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 3.77 (3.11–4.54) | 3.55 (2.96–4.22) | 3.79 (3.13–4.51) | 4.02 (3.29–4.91) | < 0.001 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.30 (1.75–2.94) | 2.14 (1.65–2.71) | 2.34 (1.81–2.97) | 2.44 (1.83–3.15) | < 0.001 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.00 (0.82–1.19) | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) | 1.01 (0.84–1.18) | 0.89 (0.75–1.03) | < 0.001 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 3.97 (3.68–4.28) | 3.97 (3.68–4.29) | 3.95 (3.67–4.25) | 3.98 (3.69–4.31) | 0.039 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 140.9 (138.6–142.8) | 141.1 (138.7–143.0) | 141.2 (138.9–143.0) | 140.4 (138.1–142.4) | < 0.001 |
LDH (U/L) | 186.7 (157.5–229.6) | 189.9 (159.6–232.8) | 186.1 (156.9–228.2) | 183.9 (156.2–229.4) | 0.013 |
cTnT (ng/ml) | 0.024 (0.013–0.060) | 0.024 (0.013–0.070) | 0.023 (0.013–0.054) | 0.026 (0.014–0.058) | 0.014 |
NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 1621.0 (686.8–4055.0) | 1858.5 (759.2–4352.2) | 1536.0 (678.2–3831.0) | 1524.0 (629.9–4010.2) | < 0.001 |
Medications at discharge (%) | |||||
Antiplatelet agents | 3806 (56.83%) | 1078 (48.30%) | 1325 (59.39%) | 1403 (62.80%) | < 0.001 |
Statins | 3909 (58.37%) | 1094 (49.01%) | 1343 (60.20%) | 1472 (65.89%) | < 0.001 |
Fenofibrate | 22 (0.33%) | 1 (0.04%) | 3 (0.13%) | 18 (0.81%) | < 0.001 |
Other lipid-lowering drugs | 468 (6.99%) | 114 (5.11%) | 151 (6.77%) | 203 (9.09%) | < 0.001 |
ACEI/ARB | 2873 (42.90%) | 873 (39.11%) | 981 (43.97%) | 1019 (45.61%) | < 0.001 |
ARNI | 79 (1.18%) | 31 (1.39%) | 20 (0.90%) | 28 (1.25%) | 0.290 |
β-blocker | 4692 (70.06%) | 1447 (64.83%) | 1600 (71.72%) | 1645 (73.63%) | < 0.001 |
CCB | 1495 (22.32%) | 378 (16.94%) | 516 (23.13%) | 601 (26.90%) | < 0.001 |
Mineralocorticoid antagonists | 4366 (65.19%) | 1521 (68.15%) | 1448 (64.90%) | 1397 (62.53%) | < 0.001 |
Diuretics | 3230 (48.23%) | 1031 (46.19%) | 1060 (47.51%) | 1139 (50.98%) | 0.004 |
Nitrates | 2808 (41.93%) | 802 (35.93%) | 965 (43.25%) | 1041 (46.60%) | < 0.001 |
Digoxin | 2421 (36.15%) | 893 (40.01%) | 806 (36.13%) | 722 (32.32%) | < 0.001 |
Insulin | 865 (12.92%) | 141 (6.32%) | 232 (10.40%) | 492 (22.02%) | < 0.001 |
SGLT2 inhibitors | 55 (0.82%) | 18 (0.81%) | 16 (0.72%) | 21 (0.94%) | 0.708 |
Other oral antidiabetic agents | 1419 (21.19%) | 235 (10.53%) | 412 (18.47%) | 772 (34.56%) | < 0.001 |
Follow-up time (years) | 3.9 (2.8–6.6) | 4.3 (3.1–6.8) | 4.1 (3.0–6.6) | 3.7 (2.4–6.1) | < 0.001 |
All-cause death | |||||
Incident cases | 2158 (32.22%) | 561 (25.13%) | 694 (31.11%) | 903 (40.42%) | < 0.001 |
Incidence/1000 person-years | 68.27 | 50.61 | 64.64 | 92.25 | < 0.001 |
CV death | |||||
Incident cases | 1305 (19.49%) | 322 (14.43%) | 423 (18.96%) | 560 (25.07%) | < 0.001 |
Incidence/1000 person-years | 41.29 | 29.05 | 39.40 | 57.21 | < 0.001 |