Table 3 Baseline characteristics of diabetic participants with different severities of frailty
Variables | No frailty (n = 436,521) | Pre-frail | Frailty | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 component (n = 107,757) | 2 components (n = 15,101) | ≥ 3 components (n = 1416) | |||
Demographic profiles | |||||
 Age (years) | 54.8 ± 13.2 | 60.8 ± 14.3 | 69.4 ± 12.7 | 75.1 ± 11.2 | < 0.01 |
 Female (%) | 197,022 (45.1) | 53,089 (49.3) | 7631 (50.5) | 685 (48.4) | < 0.01 |
Severity of diabetic complications | |||||
 aDCSI scores | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 1 | 1 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 1.5 | < 0.01 |
Comorbidity profiles | |||||
 Charlson comorbidity index | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 2.1 | 4.4 ± 2.3 | 5.4 ± 2.4 | < 0.01 |
 Hypertension (%) | 221,259 (50.7) | 70,979 (65.9) | 13,259 (87.8) | 1299 (91.7) | < 0.01 |
 Hyperlipidemia (%) | 179,826 (41.2) | 48,416 (44.9) | 6606 (43.8) | 452 (31.9) | < 0.01 |
 Chronic liver disease (%) | 96,954 (22.2) | 34,510 (32) | 5426 (35.9) | 534 (37.7) | < 0.01 |
 COPD (%) | 19,644 (4.5) | 20,574 (19.1) | 6594 (43.7) | 839 (59.3) | < 0.01 |
 Chronic kidney disease (%) | 45,991 (10.5) | 26,097 (24.2) | 6719 (44.5) | 787 (55.6) | < 0.01 |
 Atrial fibrillation (%) | 25,863 (5.9) | 15,794 (14.7) | 4293 (28.4) | 533 (37.6) | < 0.01 |
 Prior coronary atherosclerosis (%) | 52,211 (12) | 29,372 (27.3) | 7489 (49.6) | 825 (58.3) | < 0.01 |
 Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 35,748 (8.2) | 25,100 (23.3) | 7459 (49.4) | 970 (68.5) | < 0.01 |
 Peripheral vascular disease (%) | 5673 (1.3) | 3101 (2.9) | 855 (5.7) | 99 (7) | < 0.01 |
 Malignancy (%) | 17,791 (4.1) | 9713 (9) | 2451 (16.2) | 260 (18.4) | < 0.01 |
 Gout (%) | 58,414 (13.4) | 22,134 (20.5) | 4189 (27.7) | 385 (27.2) | < 0.01 |
 Osteoarthritis (any site) (%) | 77,694 (17.8) | 36,908 (34.3) | 8183 (54.2) | 921 (65) | < 0.01 |
 Osteoporosis (%) | 20,543 (4.7) | 11,277 (10.5) | 2962 (19.6) | 376 (26.6) | < 0.01 |
 Obesity (%) | 7051 (1.6) | 1626 (1.5) | 198 (1.3) | 12 (0.9) | < 0.01 |
 Mental illnesses (%) | 52,794 (12.1) | 24,302 (22.6) | 5329 (35.3) | 567 (40) | < 0.01 |
 Prior hypoglycemia (%) | 461 (0.1) | 350 (0.3) | 136 (0.9) | 17 (1.2) | < 0.01 |
Substance use history | |||||
 Smoking (%) | 2761 (0.6) | 948 (0.9) | 151 (1) | 9 (0.6) | < 0.01 |
 Alcoholism (%) | 3679 (0.8) | 1423 (1.3) | 240 (1.6) | 19 (1.3) | < 0.01 |
Medications with potential influences on functional status | |||||
 Aspirin (%) | 128,686 (29.5) | 51,704 (48) | 10,760 (71.3) | 1102 (77.8) | < 0.01 |
 β-blocker (%) | 193,727 (44.4) | 65,833 (61.1) | 11,624 (77) | 1069 (75.5) | < 0.01 |
 ACEI (%) | 126,276 (28.9) | 45,194 (41.9) | 9529 (61.3) | 873 (61.7) | < 0.01 |
 ARB (%) | 112,080 (25.7) | 38,508 (35.7) | 7778 (51.5) | 695 (49.1) | < 0.01 |
 Clopidogrel (%) | 11,304 (2.6) | 7875 (7.3) | 2081 (13.8) | 192 (13.6) | < 0.01 |
 Statin (%) | 142,839 (32.7) | 39,143 (36.3) | 5730 (37.9) | 417 (29.5) | < 0.01 |
 Fibrate (%) | 68,427 (15.7) | 20,376 (18.9) | 3080 (20.4) | 196 (13.8) | < 0.01 |
 Allopurinol (%) | 13,087 (3) | 5914 (5.49) | 1311 (8.7) | 115 (8.1) | < 0.01 |
 Warfarin (%) | 4708 (1.1) | 3286 (3.1) | 844 (5.6) | 87 (6.1) | < 0.01 |
 Benzodiazepine (any) (%) | 250,841 (57.5) | 83,345 (77.4) | 13,542 (89.7) | 1278 (90.3) | < 0.01 |
 Anti-depressants (%) | 72,752 (16.7) | 32,912 (30.5) | 7028 (46.5) | 767 (54.2) | < 0.01 |
 Anti-psychotics (%) | 110,884 (25.4) | 43,810 (40.7) | 8769 (58.1) | 960 (67.8) | < 0.01 |
Oral anti-diabetic agents/Insulin | |||||
 Biguanides (%) | 220,362 (50.5) | 46,116 (42.8) | 5327 (35.3) | 344 (24.3) | < 0.01 |
 Sulfonylurea (%) | 204,599 (46.9) | 43,179 (40.1) | 5005 (33.1) | 339 (23.9) | < 0.01 |
 Meglitinides (%) | 21,637 (5) | 5719 (5.3) | 940 (6.2) | 63 (4.5) | < 0.01 |
 α-Glucosidase inhibitors (%) | 27,784 (6.4) | 7028 (6.5) | 920 (6.1) | 51 (3.6) | < 0.01 |
 TZD (%) | 18,442 (4.2) | 3530 (3.3) | 392 (2.6) | 28 (2) | < 0.01 |
 DPP4 inhibitors (%) | 5810 (1.3) | 1141 (1.1) | 119 (0.8) | 7 (0.5) | < 0.01 |
 Insulin (%) | 21,148 (4.8) | 6073 (5.6) | 1112 (7.4) | 109 (7.7) | < 0.01 |