Paleolithic diet first (7 of 13) | Diabetes diet first (6 of 13) | P* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Individual mean for both diets | Baseline | Individual mean for both diets | Baseline | Carryover effect | |
Sex male/female (n) | 6/1 | 4/2 | 0.6 | |||
Age (year) | 66 ± 6 | 63 ± 6 | 0.3 | |||
Diabetes duration (year) | 6 ± 4 | 11 ± 6 | 0.13 | |||
Diabetic values at OGTT yes/no (n) | 6/1 | 6/0 | 1.0 | |||
Lipid lowering drug (= statin) yes/no (n) | 4/3 | 4/2 | 1.0 | |||
Drugs per day | 4.9 ± 2.7 | 3.7 ± 1.8 | 0.4 | |||
Anti-hypertensive drugs per day | 1.9 ± 1.7 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 0.4 | |||
Beta-blocker yes/no (n) | 3/7 | 1/6 | 1.0 | |||
Thiazide yes/no (n) | 3/7 | 1/6 | 1.0 | |||
ACE-inhibitor yes/no (n) | 3/7 | 2/6 | 1.0 | |||
Angiotensin-II receptor blocker yes/no (n) | 2/7 | 2/6 | 1.0 | |||
Calcium channel blocker yes/no (n) | 2/7 | 1/7 | 1.0 | |||
Anti-diabetic drugs per day | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.2 | |||
Metformin yes/no (n) | 4/7 | 5/6 | 1.0 | |||
Sulfonylurea yes/no (n) | 1/7 | 2/6 | 1.0 | |||
Thiazolidinedione yes/no (n) | 1/7 | 2/6 | 1.0 | |||
Metformin per day (mg) | 814 ± 790 | 1283 ± 950 | 0.4 | |||
HbA1C (%, Mono-S) | 6.2 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 6.9 ± 0.7 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 4.4 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.9 |
LDL (mmol/l) | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 2.78 ± 1.25 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.67 ± 0.65 | 0.6 | 0.8 |
HDL (mmol/l) | 1.28 ± 0.25 | 1.36 ± 0.27 | 1.28 ± 0.19 | 1.24 ± 0.26 | 1.0 | 0.4 |
TG (mmol/l) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
CRP (mg/l) | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
SBP (mmHg) | 156 ± 23 | 148 ± 14 | 144 ± 18 | 141 ± 17 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
DBP (mmHg) | 83 ± 11 | 80 ± 8 | 84 ± 9 | 82 ± 7 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
Height (cm) | 172 ± 4 | 170 ± 6 | 0.6 | |||
Weight (kg) | 82 ± 13 | 77 ± 11 | 92 ± 20 | 88 ± 15 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28 ± 4 | 26 ± 3 | 32 ± 8 | 31 ± 6 | 0.3 | 0.14 |
Waist (cm) | 97 ± 9 | 92 ± 8 | 109 ± 17 | 101 ± 10 | 0.2 | 0.10 |
fP-glucose (mmol/l) | 7.1 ± 0.7 | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 8.6 ± 1.2 | 8.0 ± 1.3 | 0.02 | 0.052 |
fP-insulin (pmol/l) | 118 ± 53 | 64 ± 19 | 75 ± 12 | 73 ± 23 | 0.07 | 0.5 |
AUC glucose0–120 (mmol/l·min) | 1498 ± 227 | 1321 ± 310 | 1734 ± 128 | 1574 ± 289 | 0.046 | 0.2 |
AUC glucose0–120 (mmol/l·min)1 | 642 ± 165 | 534 ± 205 | 698 ± 219 | 613 ± 155 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
AUC insulin0–120 (nmol/l·min) | 35 ± 13 | 29 ± 11 | 24 ± 8 | 24 ± 15 | 0.13 | 0.5 |
AUC insulin0–120 (nmol/l·min)1 | 20 ± 8 | 21 ± 10 | 15 ± 9 | 15 ± 13 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
ISI0,120 (mg·l2/mmol·mU·min) | 44 ± 11 | 55 ± 21 | 36 ± 3 | 52 ± 19 | 0.11 | 0.8 |
HOMA2 %B | 83 ± 36 | 67 ± 23 | 43 ± 11 | 49 ± 15 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
HOMA2 %S | 54 ± 35 | 92 ± 30 | 65 ± 12 | 74 ± 25 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
HOMA2 IR | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.09 | 0.3 |