From: How hyperglycemia promotes atherosclerosis: molecular mechanisms
Promoting inflammation |
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   Secretion of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1 [74]. |
   Chemotactic stimulus for monocyte-macrophages [37, 38] |
Induction of cellular proliferation |
   Stimulation of PDGF [37] and IGF-I [40] secretion from monocytes and possibly SMC. |
Endothelial dysfunction |
   Increased procoagulant activity [35] |
   Increased expression of adhesion molecules [33] |